Merge branch 'master' into master

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Yudong Jin 2023-01-05 01:11:34 +08:00 committed by GitHub
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@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
> Tip: If this PR is not related to the coding or code translation, please ignore the checklist.
### Checklist
If this PR is related to coding or code translation, please fill out the checklist.
- [ ] I've tested the code and ensured the outputs are the same as the outputs of reference codes.
- [ ] I've checked the codes (formatting, comments, indentation, file header, etc) carefully.
- [ ] The code is not relied on a particular environment or IDE and can be runned on a common system (Win, MacOS, Ubuntu).
- [ ] The code does not rely on a particular environment or IDE and can be executed on a standard system (Win, macOS, Ubuntu).

3
.gitignore vendored
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@ -13,3 +13,6 @@ docs/overrides/
# python files
__pycache__
# iml
hello-algo.iml

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@ -36,7 +36,7 @@
- 开源免费,所有同学都可在网上获取本书;
- 新手友好,适合算法初学者自主学习入门;
- 动画讲解,尽可能地保证平滑的学习曲线;
- 代码导向,提供精简、可运行的算法代码;
- 代码导向,提供可一键运行的算法代码;
- 讨论学习,提问一般能在三日内得到回复;
如果感觉本书对你有所帮助,请点个 Star :star: 支持一下,谢谢!

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@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
/**
* File: bubble_sort.c
* Created Time: 2022-12-26
* Author: Listening (https://github.com/L-Super)
*/
#include "../include/include.h"
/* 冒泡排序 */
void bubble_sort(int nums[], int size)
{
// 外循环:待排序元素数量为 n-1, n-2, ..., 1
for (int i = 0; i < size - 1; i++)
{
// 内循环:冒泡操作
for (int j = 0; j < size - 1 - i; j++)
{
if (nums[j] > nums[j + 1])
{
int temp = nums[j];
nums[j] = nums[j + 1];
nums[j + 1] = temp;
}
}
}
}
/* 冒泡排序(标志优化)*/
void bubble_sort_with_flag(int nums[], int size)
{
// 外循环:待排序元素数量为 n-1, n-2, ..., 1
for (int i = 0; i < size - 1; i++)
{
bool flag = false;
// 内循环:冒泡操作
for (int j = 0; j < size - 1 - i; j++)
{
if (nums[j] > nums[j + 1])
{
int temp = nums[j];
nums[j] = nums[j + 1];
nums[j + 1] = temp;
flag = true;
}
}
if (!flag)
break;
}
}
/* Driver Code */
int main()
{
int nums[6] = {4, 1, 3, 1, 5, 2};
printf("冒泡排序后:\n");
bubble_sort(nums, 6);
for (int i = 0; i < 6; i++)
{
printf("%d ", nums[i]);
}
printf("优化版冒泡排序后:\n");
bubble_sort_with_flag(nums, 6);
for (int i = 0; i < 6; i++)
{
printf("%d ", nums[i]);
}
printf("\n");
return 0;
}

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@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
/*
* File: insertion_sort.c
* Created Time: 2022-12-29
* Author: Listening (https://github.com/L-Super)
*/
#include "../include/include.h"
/* 插入排序 */
void insertionSort(int nums[], int size)
{
// 外循环base = nums[1], nums[2], ..., nums[n-1]
for (int i = 1; i < size; i++)
{
int base = nums[i], j = i - 1;
// 内循环:将 base 插入到左边的正确位置
while (j >= 0 && nums[j] > base)
{
// 1. 将 nums[j] 向右移动一位
nums[j + 1] = nums[j];
j--;
}
// 2. 将 base 赋值到正确位置
nums[j + 1] = base;
}
}
/* Driver Code */
int main()
{
int nums[] = {4, 1, 3, 1, 5, 2};
insertionSort(nums, 6);
printf("插入排序完成后 nums = \n");
for (int i = 0; i < 6; i++)
{
printf("%d ", nums[i]);
}
printf("\n");
return 0;
}

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@ -7,5 +7,6 @@
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <stdbool.h>
#include "PrintUtil.h"
#include "PrintUtil.h"

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@ -21,6 +21,8 @@ void remove(ListNode* n0) {
ListNode* P = n0->next;
ListNode* n1 = P->next;
n0->next = n1;
// 释放内存
delete P;
}
/* 访问链表中索引为 index 的结点 */

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@ -14,9 +14,8 @@ void bubbleSort(vector<int>& nums) {
for (int j = 0; j < i; j++) {
if (nums[j] > nums[j + 1]) {
// 交换 nums[j] 与 nums[j + 1]
int tmp = nums[j];
nums[j] = nums[j + 1];
nums[j + 1] = tmp;
// 这里使用了 std::swap() 函数
swap(nums[j], nums[j + 1]);
}
}
}
@ -31,9 +30,8 @@ void bubbleSortWithFlag(vector<int>& nums) {
for (int j = 0; j < i; j++) {
if (nums[j] > nums[j + 1]) {
// 交换 nums[j] 与 nums[j + 1]
int tmp = nums[j];
nums[j] = nums[j + 1];
nums[j + 1] = tmp;
// 这里使用了 std::swap() 函数
swap(nums[j], nums[j + 1]);
flag = true; // 记录交换元素
}
}

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@ -22,13 +22,13 @@ void merge(vector<int>& nums, int left, int mid, int right) {
int i = leftStart, j = rightStart;
// 通过覆盖原数组 nums 来合并左子数组和右子数组
for (int k = left; k <= right; k++) {
// 若 “左子数组已全部合并完”,则选取右子数组元素,并且 j++
// 若“左子数组已全部合并完”,则选取右子数组元素,并且 j++
if (i > leftEnd)
nums[k] = tmp[j++];
// 否则,若 “右子数组已全部合并完” “左子数组元素 < 右子数组元素”,则选取左子数组元素,并且 i++
// 否则,若“右子数组已全部合并完”或“左子数组元素 <= 右子数组元素”,则选取左子数组元素,并且 i++
else if (j > rightEnd || tmp[i] <= tmp[j])
nums[k] = tmp[i++];
// 否则,若 “左子数组元素 > 右子数组元素”,则选取右子数组元素,并且 j++
// 否则,若“左右子数组都未全部合并完”且“左子数组元素 > 右子数组元素”,则选取右子数组元素,并且 j++
else
nums[k] = tmp[j++];
}

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@ -59,19 +59,11 @@ public:
/* 访问队首元素 */
int peek() {
// 删除头结点
if (empty())
throw out_of_range("队列为空");
return nums[front];
}
/* 访问指定索引元素 */
int get(int index) {
if (index >= size())
throw out_of_range("索引越界");
return nums[(front + index) % capacity()];
}
/* 将数组转化为 Vector 并返回 */
vector<int> toVector() {
int siz = size();
@ -104,11 +96,7 @@ int main() {
/* 访问队首元素 */
int peek = queue->peek();
cout << "队首元素 peek = " << peek << endl;
/* 访问指定索引元素 */
int num = queue->get(2);
cout << "队列第 3 个元素为 num = " << num << endl;
/* 元素出队 */
int poll = queue->poll();
cout << "出队元素 poll = " << poll << ",出队后 queue = ";

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@ -41,13 +41,6 @@ public:
return stack.back();
}
/* 访问索引 index 处元素 */
int get(int index) {
if(index >= size())
throw out_of_range("索引越界");
return stack[index];
}
/* 返回 Vector */
vector<int> toVector() {
return stack;
@ -73,10 +66,6 @@ int main() {
int top = stack->top();
cout << "栈顶元素 top = " << top << endl;
/* 访问索引 index 处元素 */
int num = stack->get(3);
cout << "栈索引 3 处的元素为 num = " << num << endl;
/* 元素出栈 */
int pop = stack->pop();
cout << "出栈元素 pop = " << pop << ",出栈后 stack = ";

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@ -50,7 +50,10 @@ public:
int poll() {
int num = peek();
// 删除头结点
ListNode *tmp = front;
front = front->next;
// 释放内存
delete tmp;
queSize--;
return num;
}

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@ -39,7 +39,10 @@ public:
/* 出栈 */
int pop() {
int num = top();
ListNode *tmp = stackTop;
stackTop = stackTop->next;
// 释放内存
delete tmp;
stkSize--;
return num;
}

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@ -96,11 +96,13 @@ public:
// 删除结点 cur
if (pre->left == cur) pre->left = child;
else pre->right = child;
// 释放内存
delete cur;
}
// 子结点数量 = 2
else {
// 获取中序遍历中 cur 的下一个结点
TreeNode* nex = min(cur->right);
TreeNode* nex = getInOrderNext(cur->right);
int tmp = nex->val;
// 递归删除结点 nex
remove(nex->val);
@ -110,8 +112,8 @@ public:
return cur;
}
/* 获取最小结点 */
TreeNode* min(TreeNode* root) {
/* 获取中序遍历中的下一个结点(仅适用于 root 有左子结点的情况) */
TreeNode* getInOrderNext(TreeNode* root) {
if (root == nullptr) return root;
// 循环访问左子结点,直到叶结点时为最小结点,跳出
while (root->left != nullptr) {

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@ -33,6 +33,7 @@ int main() {
PrintUtil::printTree(n1);
// 删除结点 P
n1->left = n2;
delete P; // 释放内存
cout << endl << "删除结点 P 后\n" << endl;
PrintUtil::printTree(n1);

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@ -15,12 +15,12 @@ vector<int> hierOrder(TreeNode* root) {
vector<int> vec;
while (!queue.empty()) {
TreeNode* node = queue.front();
queue.pop(); // 队列出队
vec.push_back(node->val); // 保存结点
queue.pop(); // 队列出队
vec.push_back(node->val); // 保存结点
if (node->left != nullptr)
queue.push(node->left); // 左子结点入队
queue.push(node->left); // 左子结点入队
if (node->right != nullptr)
queue.push(node->right); // 右子结点入队
queue.push(node->right); // 右子结点入队
}
return vec;
}

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@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
// File: Array.cs
// File: array.cs
// Created Time: 2022-12-14
// Author: mingXta (1195669834@qq.com)
@ -134,4 +134,4 @@ namespace hello_algo.chapter_array_and_linkedlist
Console.WriteLine("在 nums 中查找元素 3 ,得到索引 = " + index);
}
}
}
}

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@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
// File: LinkedList.cs
// File: linked_list.cs
// Created Time: 2022-12-16
// Author: mingXta (1195669834@qq.com)
@ -7,14 +7,14 @@ using NUnit.Framework;
namespace hello_algo.chapter_array_and_linkedlist
{
public class LinkedList
public class linked_list
{
/// <summary>
/// 在链表的结点 n0 之后插入结点 P
/// </summary>
public static void Insert(ListNode n0, ListNode P)
{
ListNode n1 = n0.next;
ListNode? n1 = n0.next;
n0.next = P;
P.next = n1;
}
@ -28,14 +28,14 @@ namespace hello_algo.chapter_array_and_linkedlist
return;
// n0 -> P -> n1
ListNode P = n0.next;
ListNode n1 = P.next;
ListNode? n1 = P.next;
n0.next = n1;
}
/// <summary>
/// 访问链表中索引为 index 的结点
/// </summary>
public static ListNode Access(ListNode head, int index)
public static ListNode? Access(ListNode head, int index)
{
for (int i = 0; i < index; i++)
{
@ -89,12 +89,12 @@ namespace hello_algo.chapter_array_and_linkedlist
Console.WriteLine($"删除结点后的链表为{n0}");
// 访问结点
ListNode node = Access(n0, 3);
Console.WriteLine($"链表中索引 3 处的结点的值 = {node.val}");
ListNode? node = Access(n0, 3);
Console.WriteLine($"链表中索引 3 处的结点的值 = {node?.val}");
// 查找结点
int index = Find(n0, 2);
Console.WriteLine($"链表中值为 2 的结点的索引 = {index}");
}
}
}
}

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@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
/**
* File: list.cs
* Created Time: 2022-12-23
* Author: haptear (haptear@hotmail.com)
*/
using NUnit.Framework;
namespace hello_algo.chapter_array_and_linkedlist
{
public class list
{
[Test]
public void Test()
{
/* 初始化列表 */
// 注意数组的元素类型是 int[] 的包装类 int[]
int[] numbers = new int[] { 1, 3, 2, 5, 4 };
List<int> list = numbers.ToList();
Console.WriteLine("列表 list = " + string.Join(",",list));
/* 访问元素 */
int num = list[1];
Console.WriteLine("访问索引 1 处的元素,得到 num = " + num);
/* 更新元素 */
list[1] = 0;
Console.WriteLine("将索引 1 处的元素更新为 0 ,得到 list = " + string.Join(",", list));
/* 清空列表 */
list.Clear();
Console.WriteLine("清空列表后 list = " + string.Join(",", list));
/* 尾部添加元素 */
list.Add(1);
list.Add(3);
list.Add(2);
list.Add(5);
list.Add(4);
Console.WriteLine("添加元素后 list = " + string.Join(",", list));
/* 中间插入元素 */
list.Insert(3, 6);
Console.WriteLine("在索引 3 处插入数字 6 ,得到 list = " + string.Join(",", list));
/* 删除元素 */
list.RemoveAt(3);
Console.WriteLine("删除索引 3 处的元素,得到 list = " + string.Join(",", list));
/* 通过索引遍历列表 */
int count = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < list.Count(); i++)
{
count++;
}
/* 直接遍历列表元素 */
count = 0;
foreach (int n in list)
{
count++;
}
/* 拼接两个列表 */
List<int> list1 = new() { 6, 8, 7, 10, 9 };
list.AddRange(list1);
Console.WriteLine("将列表 list1 拼接到 list 之后,得到 list = " + string.Join(",", list));
/* 排序列表 */
list.Sort(); // 排序后,列表元素从小到大排列
Console.WriteLine("排序列表后 list = " + string.Join(",", list));
}
}
}

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@ -0,0 +1,164 @@
/**
* File: my_list.cs
* Created Time: 2022-12-23
* Author: haptear (haptear@hotmail.com)
*/
using NUnit.Framework;
namespace hello_algo.chapter_array_and_linkedlist
{
class MyList
{
private int[] nums; // 数组(存储列表元素)
private int capacity = 10; // 列表容量
private int size = 0; // 列表长度(即当前元素数量)
private int extendRatio = 2; // 每次列表扩容的倍数
/* 构造函数 */
public MyList()
{
nums = new int[capacity];
}
/* 获取列表长度(即当前元素数量)*/
public int Size()
{
return size;
}
/* 获取列表容量 */
public int Capacity()
{
return capacity;
}
/* 访问元素 */
public int Get(int index)
{
// 索引如果越界则抛出异常,下同
if (index >= size)
throw new IndexOutOfRangeException("索引越界");
return nums[index];
}
/* 更新元素 */
public void Set(int index, int num)
{
if (index >= size)
throw new IndexOutOfRangeException("索引越界");
nums[index] = num;
}
/* 尾部添加元素 */
public void Add(int num)
{
// 元素数量超出容量时,触发扩容机制
if (size == Capacity())
ExtendCapacity();
nums[size] = num;
// 更新元素数量
size++;
}
/* 中间插入元素 */
public void Insert(int index, int num)
{
if (index >= size)
throw new IndexOutOfRangeException("索引越界");
// 元素数量超出容量时,触发扩容机制
if (size == Capacity())
ExtendCapacity();
// 将索引 index 以及之后的元素都向后移动一位
for (int j = size - 1; j >= index; j--)
{
nums[j + 1] = nums[j];
}
nums[index] = num;
// 更新元素数量
size++;
}
/* 删除元素 */
public int Remove(int index)
{
if (index >= size)
throw new IndexOutOfRangeException("索引越界");
int num = nums[index];
// 将索引 index 之后的元素都向前移动一位
for (int j = index; j < size - 1; j++)
{
nums[j] = nums[j + 1];
}
// 更新元素数量
size--;
// 返回被删除元素
return num;
}
/* 列表扩容 */
public void ExtendCapacity()
{
// 新建一个长度为 size 的数组,并将原数组拷贝到新数组
System.Array.Resize(ref nums, Capacity() * extendRatio);
// 更新列表容量
capacity = nums.Length;
}
/* 将列表转换为数组 */
public int[] ToArray()
{
int size = Size();
// 仅转换有效长度范围内的列表元素
int[] nums = new int[size];
for (int i = 0; i < size; i++)
{
nums[i] = Get(i);
}
return nums;
}
}
public class my_list
{
[Test]
public void Test()
{
/* 初始化列表 */
MyList list = new MyList();
/* 尾部添加元素 */
list.Add(1);
list.Add(3);
list.Add(2);
list.Add(5);
list.Add(4);
Console.WriteLine("列表 list = " + string.Join(",", list.ToArray()) +
" ,容量 = " + list.Capacity() + " ,长度 = " + list.Size());
/* 中间插入元素 */
list.Insert(3, 6);
Console.WriteLine("在索引 3 处插入数字 6 ,得到 list = " + string.Join(",", list.ToArray()));
/* 删除元素 */
list.Remove(3);
Console.WriteLine("删除索引 3 处的元素,得到 list = " + string.Join(",", list.ToArray()));
/* 访问元素 */
int num = list.Get(1);
Console.WriteLine("访问索引 1 处的元素,得到 num = " + num);
/* 更新元素 */
list.Set(1, 0);
Console.WriteLine("将索引 1 处的元素更新为 0 ,得到 list = " + string.Join(",", list.ToArray()));
/* 测试扩容机制 */
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
{
// 在 i = 5 时,列表长度将超出列表容量,此时触发扩容机制
list.Add(i);
}
Console.WriteLine("扩容后的列表 list = " + string.Join(",", list.ToArray()) +
" ,容量 = " + list.Capacity() + " ,长度 = " + list.Size());
}
}
}

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@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
/**
* File: leetcode_two_sum.cs
* Created Time: 2022-12-23
* Author: haptear (haptear@hotmail.com)
*/
using NUnit.Framework;
namespace hello_algo.chapter_computational_complexity
{
class SolutionBruteForce
{
public int[] twoSum(int[] nums, int target)
{
int size = nums.Length;
// 两层循环,时间复杂度 O(n^2)
for (int i = 0; i < size - 1; i++)
{
for (int j = i + 1; j < size; j++)
{
if (nums[i] + nums[j] == target)
return new int[] { i, j };
}
}
return new int[0];
}
}
class SolutionHashMap
{
public int[] twoSum(int[] nums, int target)
{
int size = nums.Length;
// 辅助哈希表,空间复杂度 O(n)
Dictionary<int, int> dic = new();
// 单层循环,时间复杂度 O(n)
for (int i = 0; i < size; i++)
{
if (dic.ContainsKey(target - nums[i]))
{
return new int[] { dic[target - nums[i]], i };
}
dic.Add(nums[i], i);
}
return new int[0];
}
}
public class leetcode_two_sum
{
[Test]
public void Test()
{
// ======= Test Case =======
int[] nums = { 2, 7, 11, 15 };
int target = 9;
// ====== Driver Code ======
// 方法一
SolutionBruteForce slt1 = new SolutionBruteForce();
int[] res = slt1.twoSum(nums, target);
Console.WriteLine("方法一 res = " + string.Join(",", res));
// 方法二
SolutionHashMap slt2 = new SolutionHashMap();
res = slt2.twoSum(nums, target);
Console.WriteLine("方法二 res = " + string.Join(",", res));
}
}
}

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@ -0,0 +1,122 @@
/**
* File: space_complexity.cs
* Created Time: 2022-12-23
* Author: haptear (haptear@hotmail.com)
*/
using hello_algo.include;
using NUnit.Framework;
namespace hello_algo.chapter_computational_complexity
{
public class space_complexity
{
/* 函数 */
static int function()
{
// do something
return 0;
}
/* 常数阶 */
static void constant(int n)
{
// 常量、变量、对象占用 O(1) 空间
int a = 0;
int b = 0;
int[] nums = new int[10000];
ListNode node = new ListNode(0);
// 循环中的变量占用 O(1) 空间
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
{
int c = 0;
}
// 循环中的函数占用 O(1) 空间
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
{
function();
}
}
/* 线性阶 */
static void linear(int n)
{
// 长度为 n 的数组占用 O(n) 空间
int[] nums = new int[n];
// 长度为 n 的列表占用 O(n) 空间
List<ListNode> nodes = new();
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
{
nodes.Add(new ListNode(i));
}
// 长度为 n 的哈希表占用 O(n) 空间
Dictionary<int, String> map = new();
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
{
map.Add(i, i.ToString());
}
}
/* 线性阶(递归实现) */
static void linearRecur(int n)
{
Console.WriteLine("递归 n = " + n);
if (n == 1) return;
linearRecur(n - 1);
}
/* 平方阶 */
static void quadratic(int n)
{
// 矩阵占用 O(n^2) 空间
int[,] numMatrix = new int[n, n];
// 二维列表占用 O(n^2) 空间
List<List<int>> numList = new();
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
{
List<int> tmp = new();
for (int j = 0; j < n; j++)
{
tmp.Add(0);
}
numList.Add(tmp);
}
}
/* 平方阶(递归实现) */
static int quadraticRecur(int n)
{
if (n <= 0) return 0;
int[] nums = new int[n];
Console.WriteLine("递归 n = " + n + " 中的 nums 长度 = " + nums.Length);
return quadraticRecur(n - 1);
}
/* 指数阶(建立满二叉树) */
static TreeNode? buildTree(int n)
{
if (n == 0) return null;
TreeNode root = new TreeNode(0);
root.left = buildTree(n - 1);
root.right = buildTree(n - 1);
return root;
}
[Test]
public void Test()
{
int n = 5;
// 常数阶
constant(n);
// 线性阶
linear(n);
linearRecur(n);
// 平方阶
quadratic(n);
quadraticRecur(n);
// 指数阶
TreeNode? root = buildTree(n);
PrintUtil.PrintTree(root);
}
}
}

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/**
* File: time_complexity.cs
* Created Time: 2022-12-23
* Author: haptear (haptear@hotmail.com)
*/
using NUnit.Framework;
namespace hello_algo.chapter_computational_complexity
{
public class time_complexity
{
void algorithm(int n)
{
int a = 1; // +0技巧 1
a = a + n; // +0技巧 1
// +n技巧 2
for (int i = 0; i < 5 * n + 1; i++)
{
Console.WriteLine(0);
}
// +n*n技巧 3
for (int i = 0; i < 2 * n; i++)
{
for (int j = 0; j < n + 1; j++)
{
Console.WriteLine(0);
}
}
}
// 算法 A 时间复杂度:常数阶
void algorithm_A(int n)
{
Console.WriteLine(0);
}
// 算法 B 时间复杂度:线性阶
void algorithm_B(int n)
{
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
{
Console.WriteLine(0);
}
}
// 算法 C 时间复杂度:常数阶
void algorithm_C(int n)
{
for (int i = 0; i < 1000000; i++)
{
Console.WriteLine(0);
}
}
/* 常数阶 */
static int constant(int n)
{
int count = 0;
int size = 100000;
for (int i = 0; i < size; i++)
count++;
return count;
}
/* 线性阶 */
static int linear(int n)
{
int count = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
count++;
return count;
}
/* 线性阶(遍历数组) */
static int arrayTraversal(int[] nums)
{
int count = 0;
// 循环次数与数组长度成正比
foreach (int num in nums)
{
count++;
}
return count;
}
/* 平方阶 */
static int quadratic(int n)
{
int count = 0;
// 循环次数与数组长度成平方关系
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
{
for (int j = 0; j < n; j++)
{
count++;
}
}
return count;
}
/* 平方阶(冒泡排序) */
static int bubbleSort(int[] nums)
{
int count = 0; // 计数器
// 外循环:待排序元素数量为 n-1, n-2, ..., 1
for (int i = nums.Length - 1; i > 0; i--)
{
// 内循环:冒泡操作
for (int j = 0; j < i; j++)
{
if (nums[j] > nums[j + 1])
{
// 交换 nums[j] 与 nums[j + 1]
int tmp = nums[j];
nums[j] = nums[j + 1];
nums[j + 1] = tmp;
count += 3; // 元素交换包含 3 个单元操作
}
}
}
return count;
}
/* 指数阶(循环实现) */
static int exponential(int n)
{
int count = 0, bas = 1;
// cell 每轮一分为二,形成数列 1, 2, 4, 8, ..., 2^(n-1)
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
{
for (int j = 0; j < bas; j++)
{
count++;
}
bas *= 2;
}
// count = 1 + 2 + 4 + 8 + .. + 2^(n-1) = 2^n - 1
return count;
}
/* 指数阶(递归实现) */
static int expRecur(int n)
{
if (n == 1) return 1;
return expRecur(n - 1) + expRecur(n - 1) + 1;
}
/* 对数阶(循环实现) */
static int logarithmic(float n)
{
int count = 0;
while (n > 1)
{
n = n / 2;
count++;
}
return count;
}
/* 对数阶(递归实现) */
static int logRecur(float n)
{
if (n <= 1) return 0;
return logRecur(n / 2) + 1;
}
/* 线性对数阶 */
static int linearLogRecur(float n)
{
if (n <= 1) return 1;
int count = linearLogRecur(n / 2) +
linearLogRecur(n / 2);
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
{
count++;
}
return count;
}
/* 阶乘阶(递归实现) */
static int factorialRecur(int n)
{
if (n == 0) return 1;
int count = 0;
// 从 1 个分裂出 n 个
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
{
count += factorialRecur(n - 1);
}
return count;
}
[Test]
public void Test()
{
// 可以修改 n 运行,体会一下各种复杂度的操作数量变化趋势
int n = 8;
Console.WriteLine("输入数据大小 n = " + n);
int count = constant(n);
Console.WriteLine("常数阶的计算操作数量 = " + count);
count = linear(n);
Console.WriteLine("线性阶的计算操作数量 = " + count);
count = arrayTraversal(new int[n]);
Console.WriteLine("线性阶(遍历数组)的计算操作数量 = " + count);
count = quadratic(n);
Console.WriteLine("平方阶的计算操作数量 = " + count);
int[] nums = new int[n];
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
nums[i] = n - i; // [n,n-1,...,2,1]
count = bubbleSort(nums);
Console.WriteLine("平方阶(冒泡排序)的计算操作数量 = " + count);
count = exponential(n);
Console.WriteLine("指数阶(循环实现)的计算操作数量 = " + count);
count = expRecur(n);
Console.WriteLine("指数阶(递归实现)的计算操作数量 = " + count);
count = logarithmic((float)n);
Console.WriteLine("对数阶(循环实现)的计算操作数量 = " + count);
count = logRecur((float)n);
Console.WriteLine("对数阶(递归实现)的计算操作数量 = " + count);
count = linearLogRecur((float)n);
Console.WriteLine("线性对数阶(递归实现)的计算操作数量 = " + count);
count = factorialRecur(n);
Console.WriteLine("阶乘阶(递归实现)的计算操作数量 = " + count);
}
}
}

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/**
* File: worst_best_time_complexity.cs
* Created Time: 2022-12-23
* Author: haptear (haptear@hotmail.com)
*/
using NUnit.Framework;
namespace hello_algo.chapter_computational_complexity
{
public class worst_best_time_complexity
{
/* 生成一个数组,元素为 { 1, 2, ..., n },顺序被打乱 */
static int[] randomNumbers(int n)
{
int[] nums = new int[n];
// 生成数组 nums = { 1, 2, 3, ..., n }
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
{
nums[i] = i + 1;
}
// 随机打乱数组元素
for (int i = 0; i < nums.Length; i++)
{
var index = new Random().Next(i, nums.Length);
var tmp = nums[i];
var ran = nums[index];
nums[i] = ran;
nums[index] = tmp;
}
return nums;
}
/* 查找数组 nums 中数字 1 所在索引 */
static int findOne(int[] nums)
{
for (int i = 0; i < nums.Length; i++)
{
if (nums[i] == 1)
return i;
}
return -1;
}
/* Driver Code */
[Test]
public void Test()
{
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
{
int n = 100;
int[] nums = randomNumbers(n);
int index = findOne(nums);
Console.WriteLine("\n数组 [ 1, 2, ..., n ] 被打乱后 = " + string.Join(",", nums));
Console.WriteLine("数字 1 的索引为 " + index);
}
}
}
}

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/**
* File: array_hash_map.cs
* Created Time: 2022-12-23
* Author: haptear (haptear@hotmail.com)
*/
using NUnit.Framework;
namespace hello_algo.chapter_hashing
{
/* 键值对 int->String */
class Entry
{
public int key;
public String val;
public Entry(int key, String val)
{
this.key = key;
this.val = val;
}
}
/* 基于数组简易实现的哈希表 */
class ArrayHashMap
{
private List<Entry?> bucket;
public ArrayHashMap()
{
// 初始化一个长度为 100 的桶(数组)
bucket = new ();
for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++)
{
bucket.Add(null);
}
}
/* 哈希函数 */
private int hashFunc(int key)
{
int index = key % 100;
return index;
}
/* 查询操作 */
public String? get(int key)
{
int index = hashFunc(key);
Entry? pair = bucket[index];
if (pair == null) return null;
return pair.val;
}
/* 添加操作 */
public void put(int key, String val)
{
Entry pair = new Entry(key, val);
int index = hashFunc(key);
bucket[index]=pair;
}
/* 删除操作 */
public void remove(int key)
{
int index = hashFunc(key);
// 置为 null ,代表删除
bucket[index]=null;
}
/* 获取所有键值对 */
public List<Entry> entrySet()
{
List<Entry> entrySet = new ();
foreach (Entry? pair in bucket)
{
if (pair != null)
entrySet.Add(pair);
}
return entrySet;
}
/* 获取所有键 */
public List<int> keySet()
{
List<int> keySet = new ();
foreach (Entry? pair in bucket)
{
if (pair != null)
keySet.Add(pair.key);
}
return keySet;
}
/* 获取所有值 */
public List<String> valueSet()
{
List<String> valueSet = new ();
foreach (Entry? pair in bucket)
{
if (pair != null)
valueSet.Add(pair.val);
}
return valueSet;
}
/* 打印哈希表 */
public void print()
{
foreach (Entry kv in entrySet())
{
Console.WriteLine(kv.key + " -> " + kv.val);
}
}
}
public class array_hash_map
{
[Test]
public void Test()
{
/* 初始化哈希表 */
ArrayHashMap map = new ArrayHashMap();
/* 添加操作 */
// 在哈希表中添加键值对 (key, value)
map.put(12836, "小哈");
map.put(15937, "小啰");
map.put(16750, "小算");
map.put(13276, "小法");
map.put(10583, "小鸭");
Console.WriteLine("\n添加完成后哈希表为\nKey -> Value");
map.print();
/* 查询操作 */
// 向哈希表输入键 key ,得到值 value
String? name = map.get(15937);
Console.WriteLine("\n输入学号 15937 ,查询到姓名 " + name);
/* 删除操作 */
// 在哈希表中删除键值对 (key, value)
map.remove(10583);
Console.WriteLine("\n删除 10583 后,哈希表为\nKey -> Value");
map.print();
/* 遍历哈希表 */
Console.WriteLine("\n遍历键值对 Key->Value");
foreach (Entry kv in map.entrySet())
{
Console.WriteLine(kv.key + " -> " + kv.val);
}
Console.WriteLine("\n单独遍历键 Key");
foreach (int key in map.keySet())
{
Console.WriteLine(key);
}
Console.WriteLine("\n单独遍历值 Value");
foreach (String val in map.valueSet())
{
Console.WriteLine(val);
}
}
}
}

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/**
* File: hash_map.cs
* Created Time: 2022-12-23
* Author: haptear (haptear@hotmail.com)
*/
using hello_algo.include;
using NUnit.Framework;
namespace hello_algo.chapter_hashing
{
public class hash_map {
[Test]
public void Test()
{
/* 初始化哈希表 */
Dictionary<int, String> map = new ();
/* 添加操作 */
// 在哈希表中添加键值对 (key, value)
map.Add(12836, "小哈");
map.Add(15937, "小啰");
map.Add(16750, "小算");
map.Add(13276, "小法");
map.Add(10583, "小鸭");
Console.WriteLine("\n添加完成后哈希表为\nKey -> Value");
PrintUtil.printHashMap(map);
/* 查询操作 */
// 向哈希表输入键 key ,得到值 value
String name = map[15937];
Console.WriteLine("\n输入学号 15937 ,查询到姓名 " + name);
/* 删除操作 */
// 在哈希表中删除键值对 (key, value)
map.Remove(10583);
Console.WriteLine("\n删除 10583 后,哈希表为\nKey -> Value");
PrintUtil.printHashMap(map);
/* 遍历哈希表 */
Console.WriteLine("\n遍历键值对 Key->Value");
foreach (var kv in map) {
Console.WriteLine(kv.Key + " -> " + kv.Value);
}
Console.WriteLine("\n单独遍历键 Key");
foreach (int key in map.Keys) {
Console.WriteLine(key);
}
Console.WriteLine("\n单独遍历值 Value");
foreach (String val in map.Values) {
Console.WriteLine(val);
}
}
}
}

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/**
* File: binary_search.cs
* Created Time: 2022-12-23
* Author: haptear (haptear@hotmail.com)
*/
using NUnit.Framework;
namespace hello_algo.chapter_searching
{
public class binary_search
{
/* 二分查找(双闭区间) */
static int binarySearch(int[] nums, int target)
{
// 初始化双闭区间 [0, n-1] ,即 i, j 分别指向数组首元素、尾元素
int i = 0, j = nums.Length - 1;
// 循环,当搜索区间为空时跳出(当 i > j 时为空)
while (i <= j)
{
int m = (i + j) / 2; // 计算中点索引 m
if (nums[m] < target) // 此情况说明 target 在区间 [m+1, j] 中
i = m + 1;
else if (nums[m] > target) // 此情况说明 target 在区间 [i, m-1] 中
j = m - 1;
else // 找到目标元素,返回其索引
return m;
}
// 未找到目标元素,返回 -1
return -1;
}
/* 二分查找(左闭右开) */
static int binarySearch1(int[] nums, int target)
{
// 初始化左闭右开 [0, n) ,即 i, j 分别指向数组首元素、尾元素+1
int i = 0, j = nums.Length;
// 循环,当搜索区间为空时跳出(当 i = j 时为空)
while (i < j)
{
int m = (i + j) / 2; // 计算中点索引 m
if (nums[m] < target) // 此情况说明 target 在区间 [m+1, j) 中
i = m + 1;
else if (nums[m] > target) // 此情况说明 target 在区间 [i, m) 中
j = m;
else // 找到目标元素,返回其索引
return m;
}
// 未找到目标元素,返回 -1
return -1;
}
[Test]
public void Test()
{
int target = 6;
int[] nums = { 1, 3, 6, 8, 12, 15, 23, 67, 70, 92 };
/* 二分查找(双闭区间) */
int index = binarySearch(nums, target);
Console.WriteLine("目标元素 6 的索引 = " + index);
/* 二分查找(左闭右开) */
index = binarySearch1(nums, target);
Console.WriteLine("目标元素 6 的索引 = " + index);
}
}
}

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/**
* File: hashing_search.cs
* Created Time: 2022-12-23
* Author: haptear (haptear@hotmail.com)
*/
using hello_algo.include;
using NUnit.Framework;
namespace hello_algo.chapter_searching
{
public class hashing_search
{
/* 哈希查找(数组) */
static int hashingSearch(Dictionary<int, int> map, int target)
{
// 哈希表的 key: 目标元素value: 索引
// 若哈希表中无此 key ,返回 -1
return map.GetValueOrDefault(target, -1);
}
/* 哈希查找(链表) */
static ListNode? hashingSearch1(Dictionary<int, ListNode> map, int target)
{
// 哈希表的 key: 目标结点值value: 结点对象
// 若哈希表中无此 key ,返回 null
return map.GetValueOrDefault(target);
}
[Test]
public void Test()
{
int target = 3;
/* 哈希查找(数组) */
int[] nums = { 1, 5, 3, 2, 4, 7, 5, 9, 10, 8 };
// 初始化哈希表
Dictionary<int, int> map = new();
for (int i = 0; i < nums.Length; i++)
{
map[nums[i]] = i; // key: 元素value: 索引
}
int index = hashingSearch(map, target);
Console.WriteLine("目标元素 3 的索引 = " + index);
/* 哈希查找(链表) */
ListNode? head = ListNode.ArrToLinkedList(nums);
// 初始化哈希表
Dictionary<int, ListNode> map1 = new();
while (head != null)
{
map1[head.val] = head; // key: 结点值value: 结点
head = head.next;
}
ListNode? node = hashingSearch1(map1, target);
Console.WriteLine("目标结点值 3 的对应结点对象为 " + node);
}
}
}

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/**
* File: linear_search.cs
* Created Time: 2022-12-23
* Author: haptear (haptear@hotmail.com)
*/
using hello_algo.include;
using NUnit.Framework;
namespace hello_algo.chapter_searching
{
public class linear_search
{
/* 线性查找(数组) */
static int linearSearch(int[] nums, int target)
{
// 遍历数组
for (int i = 0; i < nums.Length; i++)
{
// 找到目标元素,返回其索引
if (nums[i] == target)
return i;
}
// 未找到目标元素,返回 -1
return -1;
}
/* 线性查找(链表) */
static ListNode? linearSearch(ListNode head, int target)
{
// 遍历链表
while (head != null)
{
// 找到目标结点,返回之
if (head.val == target)
return head;
head = head.next;
}
// 未找到目标结点,返回 null
return null;
}
[Test]
public void Test()
{
int target = 3;
/* 在数组中执行线性查找 */
int[] nums = { 1, 5, 3, 2, 4, 7, 5, 9, 10, 8 };
int index = linearSearch(nums, target);
Console.WriteLine("目标元素 3 的索引 = " + index);
/* 在链表中执行线性查找 */
ListNode head = ListNode.ArrToLinkedList(nums);
ListNode? node = linearSearch(head, target);
Console.WriteLine("目标结点值 3 的对应结点对象为 " + node);
}
}
}

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/**
* File: bubble_sort.cs
* Created Time: 2022-12-23
* Author: haptear (haptear@hotmail.com)
*/
using NUnit.Framework;
namespace hello_algo.chapter_sorting
{
public class bubble_sort
{
/* 冒泡排序 */
static void bubbleSort(int[] nums)
{
// 外循环:待排序元素数量为 n-1, n-2, ..., 1
for (int i = nums.Length - 1; i > 0; i--)
{
// 内循环:冒泡操作
for (int j = 0; j < i; j++)
{
if (nums[j] > nums[j + 1])
{
// 交换 nums[j] 与 nums[j + 1]
int tmp = nums[j];
nums[j] = nums[j + 1];
nums[j + 1] = tmp;
}
}
}
}
/* 冒泡排序(标志优化)*/
static void bubbleSortWithFlag(int[] nums)
{
// 外循环:待排序元素数量为 n-1, n-2, ..., 1
for (int i = nums.Length - 1; i > 0; i--)
{
bool flag = false; // 初始化标志位
// 内循环:冒泡操作
for (int j = 0; j < i; j++)
{
if (nums[j] > nums[j + 1])
{
// 交换 nums[j] 与 nums[j + 1]
int tmp = nums[j];
nums[j] = nums[j + 1];
nums[j + 1] = tmp;
flag = true; // 记录交换元素
}
}
if (!flag) break; // 此轮冒泡未交换任何元素,直接跳出
}
}
[Test]
public void Test()
{
int[] nums = { 4, 1, 3, 1, 5, 2 };
bubbleSort(nums);
Console.WriteLine("冒泡排序完成后 nums = " + string.Join(",",nums));
int[] nums1 = { 4, 1, 3, 1, 5, 2 };
bubbleSortWithFlag(nums1);
Console.WriteLine("冒泡排序完成后 nums1 = " + string.Join(",", nums));
}
}
}

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/**
* File: insertion_sort.cs
* Created Time: 2022-12-23
* Author: haptear (haptear@hotmail.com)
*/
using NUnit.Framework;
namespace hello_algo.chapter_sorting
{
public class insertion_sort
{
/* 插入排序 */
static void insertionSort(int[] nums)
{
// 外循环base = nums[1], nums[2], ..., nums[n-1]
for (int i = 1; i < nums.Length; i++)
{
int bas = nums[i], j = i - 1;
// 内循环:将 base 插入到左边的正确位置
while (j >= 0 && nums[j] > bas)
{
nums[j + 1] = nums[j]; // 1. 将 nums[j] 向右移动一位
j--;
}
nums[j + 1] = bas; // 2. 将 base 赋值到正确位置
}
}
[Test]
public void Test()
{
int[] nums = { 4, 1, 3, 1, 5, 2 };
insertionSort(nums);
Console.WriteLine("插入排序完成后 nums = " + string.Join(",", nums));
}
}
}

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/**
* File: merge_sort.cs
* Created Time: 2022-12-23
* Author: haptear (haptear@hotmail.com)
*/
using NUnit.Framework;
namespace hello_algo.chapter_sorting
{
public class merge_sort
{
/**
*
* [left, mid]
* [mid + 1, right]
*/
static void merge(int[] nums, int left, int mid, int right)
{
// 初始化辅助数组
int[] tmp = nums[left..(right + 1)];
// 左子数组的起始索引和结束索引
int leftStart = left - left, leftEnd = mid - left;
// 右子数组的起始索引和结束索引
int rightStart = mid + 1 - left, rightEnd = right - left;
// i, j 分别指向左子数组、右子数组的首元素
int i = leftStart, j = rightStart;
// 通过覆盖原数组 nums 来合并左子数组和右子数组
for (int k = left; k <= right; k++)
{
// 若“左子数组已全部合并完”,则选取右子数组元素,并且 j++
if (i > leftEnd)
nums[k] = tmp[j++];
// 否则,若“右子数组已全部合并完”或“左子数组元素 <= 右子数组元素”,则选取左子数组元素,并且 i++
else if (j > rightEnd || tmp[i] <= tmp[j])
nums[k] = tmp[i++];
// 否则,若“左右子数组都未全部合并完”且“左子数组元素 > 右子数组元素”,则选取右子数组元素,并且 j++
else
nums[k] = tmp[j++];
}
}
/* 归并排序 */
static void mergeSort(int[] nums, int left, int right)
{
// 终止条件
if (left >= right) return; // 当子数组长度为 1 时终止递归
// 划分阶段
int mid = (left + right) / 2; // 计算中点
mergeSort(nums, left, mid); // 递归左子数组
mergeSort(nums, mid + 1, right); // 递归右子数组
// 合并阶段
merge(nums, left, mid, right);
}
[Test]
public void Test()
{
/* 归并排序 */
int[] nums = { 7, 3, 2, 6, 0, 1, 5, 4 };
mergeSort(nums, 0, nums.Length - 1);
Console.WriteLine("归并排序完成后 nums = " + string.Join(",", nums));
}
}
}

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/**
* File: quick_sort.cs
* Created Time: 2022-12-23
* Author: haptear (haptear@hotmail.com)
*/
using NUnit.Framework;
namespace hello_algo.chapter_sorting
{
class QuickSort
{
/* 元素交换 */
static void swap(int[] nums, int i, int j)
{
int tmp = nums[i];
nums[i] = nums[j];
nums[j] = tmp;
}
/* 哨兵划分 */
static int partition(int[] nums, int left, int right)
{
// 以 nums[left] 作为基准数
int i = left, j = right;
while (i < j)
{
while (i < j && nums[j] >= nums[left])
j--; // 从右向左找首个小于基准数的元素
while (i < j && nums[i] <= nums[left])
i++; // 从左向右找首个大于基准数的元素
swap(nums, i, j); // 交换这两个元素
}
swap(nums, i, left); // 将基准数交换至两子数组的分界线
return i; // 返回基准数的索引
}
/* 快速排序 */
public static void quickSort(int[] nums, int left, int right)
{
// 子数组长度为 1 时终止递归
if (left >= right)
return;
// 哨兵划分
int pivot = partition(nums, left, right);
// 递归左子数组、右子数组
quickSort(nums, left, pivot - 1);
quickSort(nums, pivot + 1, right);
}
}
/* 快速排序类(中位基准数优化) */
class QuickSortMedian
{
/* 元素交换 */
static void swap(int[] nums, int i, int j)
{
int tmp = nums[i];
nums[i] = nums[j];
nums[j] = tmp;
}
/* 选取三个元素的中位数 */
static int medianThree(int[] nums, int left, int mid, int right)
{
// 使用了异或操作来简化代码
// 异或规则为 0 ^ 0 = 1 ^ 1 = 0, 0 ^ 1 = 1 ^ 0 = 1
if ((nums[left] > nums[mid]) ^ (nums[left] > nums[right]))
return left;
else if ((nums[mid] < nums[left]) ^ (nums[mid] < nums[right]))
return mid;
else
return right;
}
/* 哨兵划分(三数取中值) */
static int partition(int[] nums, int left, int right)
{
// 选取三个候选元素的中位数
int med = medianThree(nums, left, (left + right) / 2, right);
// 将中位数交换至数组最左端
swap(nums, left, med);
// 以 nums[left] 作为基准数
int i = left, j = right;
while (i < j)
{
while (i < j && nums[j] >= nums[left])
j--; // 从右向左找首个小于基准数的元素
while (i < j && nums[i] <= nums[left])
i++; // 从左向右找首个大于基准数的元素
swap(nums, i, j); // 交换这两个元素
}
swap(nums, i, left); // 将基准数交换至两子数组的分界线
return i; // 返回基准数的索引
}
/* 快速排序 */
public static void quickSort(int[] nums, int left, int right)
{
// 子数组长度为 1 时终止递归
if (left >= right)
return;
// 哨兵划分
int pivot = partition(nums, left, right);
// 递归左子数组、右子数组
quickSort(nums, left, pivot - 1);
quickSort(nums, pivot + 1, right);
}
}
/* 快速排序类(尾递归优化) */
class QuickSortTailCall
{
/* 元素交换 */
static void swap(int[] nums, int i, int j)
{
int tmp = nums[i];
nums[i] = nums[j];
nums[j] = tmp;
}
/* 哨兵划分 */
static int partition(int[] nums, int left, int right)
{
// 以 nums[left] 作为基准数
int i = left, j = right;
while (i < j)
{
while (i < j && nums[j] >= nums[left])
j--; // 从右向左找首个小于基准数的元素
while (i < j && nums[i] <= nums[left])
i++; // 从左向右找首个大于基准数的元素
swap(nums, i, j); // 交换这两个元素
}
swap(nums, i, left); // 将基准数交换至两子数组的分界线
return i; // 返回基准数的索引
}
/* 快速排序(尾递归优化) */
public static void quickSort(int[] nums, int left, int right)
{
// 子数组长度为 1 时终止
while (left < right)
{
// 哨兵划分操作
int pivot = partition(nums, left, right);
// 对两个子数组中较短的那个执行快排
if (pivot - left < right - pivot)
{
quickSort(nums, left, pivot - 1); // 递归排序左子数组
left = pivot + 1; // 剩余待排序区间为 [pivot + 1, right]
}
else
{
quickSort(nums, pivot + 1, right); // 递归排序右子数组
right = pivot - 1; // 剩余待排序区间为 [left, pivot - 1]
}
}
}
}
public class quick_sort
{
[Test]
public void Test()
{
/* 快速排序 */
int[] nums = { 2, 4, 1, 0, 3, 5 };
QuickSort.quickSort(nums, 0, nums.Length - 1);
Console.WriteLine("快速排序完成后 nums = " + string.Join(",", nums));
/* 快速排序(中位基准数优化) */
int[] nums1 = { 2, 4, 1, 0, 3, 5 };
QuickSortMedian.quickSort(nums1, 0, nums1.Length - 1);
Console.WriteLine("快速排序(中位基准数优化)完成后 nums1 = " + string.Join(",", nums1));
/* 快速排序(尾递归优化) */
int[] nums2 = { 2, 4, 1, 0, 3, 5 };
QuickSortTailCall.quickSort(nums2, 0, nums2.Length - 1);
Console.WriteLine("快速排序(尾递归优化)完成后 nums2 = " + string.Join(",", nums2));
}
}
}

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/**
* File: array_queue.cs
* Created Time: 2022-12-23
* Author: haptear (haptear@hotmail.com)
*/
using NUnit.Framework;
namespace hello_algo.chapter_stack_and_queue
{
/* 基于环形数组实现的队列 */
class ArrayQueue
{
private int[] nums; // 用于存储队列元素的数组
private int front = 0; // 头指针,指向队首
private int rear = 0; // 尾指针,指向队尾 + 1
public ArrayQueue(int capacity)
{
// 初始化数组
nums = new int[capacity];
}
/* 获取队列的容量 */
public int capacity()
{
return nums.Length;
}
/* 获取队列的长度 */
public int size()
{
int capacity = this.capacity();
// 由于将数组看作为环形,可能 rear < front ,因此需要取余数
return (capacity + rear - front) % capacity;
}
/* 判断队列是否为空 */
public bool isEmpty()
{
return rear - front == 0;
}
/* 入队 */
public void offer(int num)
{
if (size() == capacity())
{
Console.WriteLine("队列已满");
return;
}
// 尾结点后添加 num
nums[rear] = num;
// 尾指针向后移动一位,越过尾部后返回到数组头部
rear = (rear + 1) % capacity();
}
/* 出队 */
public int poll()
{
int num = peek();
// 队头指针向后移动一位,若越过尾部则返回到数组头部
front = (front + 1) % capacity();
return num;
}
/* 访问队首元素 */
public int peek()
{
if (isEmpty())
throw new Exception();
return nums[front];
}
/* 返回数组 */
public int[] toArray()
{
int size = this.size();
int capacity = this.capacity();
// 仅转换有效长度范围内的列表元素
int[] res = new int[size];
for (int i = 0, j = front; i < size; i++, j++)
{
res[i] = nums[j % capacity];
}
return res;
}
}
public class array_queue
{
[Test]
public void Test()
{
/* 初始化队列 */
int capacity = 10;
ArrayQueue queue = new ArrayQueue(capacity);
/* 元素入队 */
queue.offer(1);
queue.offer(3);
queue.offer(2);
queue.offer(5);
queue.offer(4);
Console.WriteLine("队列 queue = " + string.Join(",", queue.toArray()));
/* 访问队首元素 */
int peek = queue.peek();
Console.WriteLine("队首元素 peek = " + peek);
/* 元素出队 */
int poll = queue.poll();
Console.WriteLine("出队元素 poll = " + poll + ",出队后 queue = " + string.Join(",", queue.toArray()));
/* 获取队列的长度 */
int size = queue.size();
Console.WriteLine("队列长度 size = " + size);
/* 判断队列是否为空 */
bool isEmpty = queue.isEmpty();
Console.WriteLine("队列是否为空 = " + isEmpty);
/* 测试环形数组 */
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
{
queue.offer(i);
queue.poll();
Console.WriteLine("第 " + i + " 轮入队 + 出队后 queue = " + string.Join(",", queue.toArray()));
}
}
}
}

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/**
* File: array_stack.cs
* Created Time: 2022-12-23
* Author: haptear (haptear@hotmail.com)
*/
using NUnit.Framework;
namespace hello_algo.chapter_stack_and_queue
{
/* 基于数组实现的栈 */
class ArrayStack
{
private List<int> stack;
public ArrayStack()
{
// 初始化列表(动态数组)
stack = new();
}
/* 获取栈的长度 */
public int size()
{
return stack.Count();
}
/* 判断栈是否为空 */
public bool isEmpty()
{
return size() == 0;
}
/* 入栈 */
public void push(int num)
{
stack.Add(num);
}
/* 出栈 */
public int pop()
{
if (isEmpty())
throw new Exception();
var val = peek();
stack.RemoveAt(size() - 1);
return val;
}
/* 访问栈顶元素 */
public int peek()
{
if (isEmpty())
throw new Exception();
return stack[size() - 1];
}
/* 将 List 转化为 Array 并返回 */
public int[] toArray()
{
return stack.ToArray();
}
}
public class array_stack
{
[Test]
public void Test()
{
/* 初始化栈 */
ArrayStack stack = new ArrayStack();
/* 元素入栈 */
stack.push(1);
stack.push(3);
stack.push(2);
stack.push(5);
stack.push(4);
Console.WriteLine("栈 stack = " + String.Join(",", stack.toArray()));
/* 访问栈顶元素 */
int peek = stack.peek();
Console.WriteLine("栈顶元素 peek = " + peek);
/* 元素出栈 */
int pop = stack.pop();
Console.WriteLine("出栈元素 pop = " + pop + ",出栈后 stack = " + String.Join(",", stack.toArray()));
/* 获取栈的长度 */
int size = stack.size();
Console.WriteLine("栈的长度 size = " + size);
/* 判断是否为空 */
bool isEmpty = stack.isEmpty();
Console.WriteLine("栈是否为空 = " + isEmpty);
}
}
}

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/**
* File: deque.cs
* Created Time: 2022-12-30
* Author: moonache (microin1301@outlook.com)
*/
using NUnit.Framework;
namespace hello_algo.chapter_stack_and_queue
{
public class deque
{
[Test]
public void Test()
{
/* 初始化双向队列 */
// 在 C# 中,将链表 LinkedList 看作双向队列来使用
LinkedList<int> deque = new LinkedList<int>();
/* 元素入队 */
deque.AddLast(2); // 添加至队尾
deque.AddLast(5);
deque.AddLast(4);
deque.AddFirst(3); // 添加至队首
deque.AddFirst(1);
Console.WriteLine("双向队列 deque = " + String.Join(",", deque.ToArray()));
/* 访问元素 */
int peekFirst = deque.First.Value; // 队首元素
Console.WriteLine("队首元素 peekFirst = " + peekFirst);
int peekLast = deque.Last.Value; // 队尾元素
Console.WriteLine("队尾元素 peekLast = " + peekLast);
/* 元素出队 */
deque.RemoveFirst(); // 队首元素出队
Console.WriteLine("队首元素出队后 deque = " + String.Join(",", deque.ToArray()));
deque.RemoveLast(); // 队尾元素出队
Console.WriteLine("队尾元素出队后 deque = " + String.Join(",", deque.ToArray()));
/* 获取双向队列的长度 */
int size = deque.Count;
Console.WriteLine("双向队列长度 size = " + size);
/* 判断双向队列是否为空 */
bool isEmpty = deque.Count == 0;
Console.WriteLine("双向队列是否为空 = " + isEmpty);
}
}
}

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/**
* File: linkedlist_queue.cs
* Created Time: 2022-12-23
* Author: haptear (haptear@hotmail.com)
*/
using hello_algo.include;
using NUnit.Framework;
namespace hello_algo.chapter_stack_and_queue
{
/* 基于链表实现的队列 */
class LinkedListQueue
{
private ListNode? front, rear; // 头结点 front ,尾结点 rear
private int queSize = 0;
public LinkedListQueue()
{
front = null;
rear = null;
}
/* 获取队列的长度 */
public int size()
{
return queSize;
}
/* 判断队列是否为空 */
public bool isEmpty()
{
return size() == 0;
}
/* 入队 */
public void offer(int num)
{
// 尾结点后添加 num
ListNode node = new ListNode(num);
// 如果队列为空,则令头、尾结点都指向该结点
if (front == null)
{
front = node;
rear = node;
// 如果队列不为空,则将该结点添加到尾结点后
}
else if (rear != null)
{
rear.next = node;
rear = node;
}
queSize++;
}
/* 出队 */
public int poll()
{
int num = peek();
// 删除头结点
front = front?.next;
queSize--;
return num;
}
/* 访问队首元素 */
public int peek()
{
if (size() == 0 || front == null)
throw new Exception();
return front.val;
}
/* 将链表转化为 Array 并返回 */
public int[] toArray()
{
if (front == null)
return Array.Empty<int>();
ListNode node = front;
int[] res = new int[size()];
for (int i = 0; i < res.Length; i++)
{
res[i] = node.val;
node = node.next;
}
return res;
}
}
public class linkedlist_queue
{
[Test]
public void Test()
{
/* 初始化队列 */
LinkedListQueue queue = new LinkedListQueue();
/* 元素入队 */
queue.offer(1);
queue.offer(3);
queue.offer(2);
queue.offer(5);
queue.offer(4);
Console.WriteLine("队列 queue = " + String.Join(",", queue.toArray()));
/* 访问队首元素 */
int peek = queue.peek();
Console.WriteLine("队首元素 peek = " + peek);
/* 元素出队 */
int poll = queue.poll();
Console.WriteLine("出队元素 poll = " + poll + ",出队后 queue = " + String.Join(",", queue.toArray()));
/* 获取队列的长度 */
int size = queue.size();
Console.WriteLine("队列长度 size = " + size);
/* 判断队列是否为空 */
bool isEmpty = queue.isEmpty();
Console.WriteLine("队列是否为空 = " + isEmpty);
}
}
}

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/**
* File: linkedlist_stack.cs
* Created Time: 2022-12-23
* Author: haptear (haptear@hotmail.com)
*/
using hello_algo.include;
using NUnit.Framework;
namespace hello_algo.chapter_stack_and_queue
{
class LinkedListStack
{
private ListNode? stackPeek; // 将头结点作为栈顶
private int stkSize = 0; // 栈的长度
public LinkedListStack()
{
stackPeek = null;
}
/* 获取栈的长度 */
public int size()
{
return stkSize;
}
/* 判断栈是否为空 */
public bool isEmpty()
{
return size() == 0;
}
/* 入栈 */
public void push(int num)
{
ListNode node = new ListNode(num);
node.next = stackPeek;
stackPeek = node;
stkSize++;
}
/* 出栈 */
public int pop()
{
if (stackPeek == null)
throw new Exception();
int num = peek();
stackPeek = stackPeek.next;
stkSize--;
return num;
}
/* 访问栈顶元素 */
public int peek()
{
if (size() == 0 || stackPeek==null)
throw new Exception();
return stackPeek.val;
}
/* 将 List 转化为 Array 并返回 */
public int[] toArray()
{
if (stackPeek == null)
return Array.Empty<int>();
ListNode node = stackPeek;
int[] res = new int[size()];
for (int i = res.Length - 1; i >= 0; i--)
{
res[i] = node.val;
node = node.next;
}
return res;
}
}
public class linkedlist_stack
{
[Test]
public void Test()
{
/* 初始化栈 */
LinkedListStack stack = new LinkedListStack();
/* 元素入栈 */
stack.push(1);
stack.push(3);
stack.push(2);
stack.push(5);
stack.push(4);
Console.WriteLine("栈 stack = " + String.Join(",",stack.toArray()));
/* 访问栈顶元素 */
int peek = stack.peek();
Console.WriteLine("栈顶元素 peek = " + peek);
/* 元素出栈 */
int pop = stack.pop();
Console.WriteLine("出栈元素 pop = " + pop + ",出栈后 stack = " + String.Join(",",stack.toArray()));
/* 获取栈的长度 */
int size = stack.size();
Console.WriteLine("栈的长度 size = " + size);
/* 判断是否为空 */
bool isEmpty = stack.isEmpty();
Console.WriteLine("栈是否为空 = " + isEmpty);
}
}
}

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/**
* File: queue.cs
* Created Time: 2022-12-23
* Author: haptear (haptear@hotmail.com)
*/
using NUnit.Framework;
namespace hello_algo.chapter_stack_and_queue
{
public class queue
{
[Test]
public void Test()
{
/* 初始化队列 */
Queue<int> queue = new();
/* 元素入队 */
queue.Enqueue(1);
queue.Enqueue(3);
queue.Enqueue(2);
queue.Enqueue(5);
queue.Enqueue(4);
Console.WriteLine("队列 queue = " + String.Join(",", queue.ToArray()));
/* 访问队首元素 */
int peek = queue.Peek();
Console.WriteLine("队首元素 peek = " + peek);
/* 元素出队 */
int poll = queue.Dequeue();
Console.WriteLine("出队元素 poll = " + poll + ",出队后 queue = " + String.Join(",", queue.ToArray()));
/* 获取队列的长度 */
int size = queue.Count();
Console.WriteLine("队列长度 size = " + size);
/* 判断队列是否为空 */
bool isEmpty = queue.Count() == 0;
Console.WriteLine("队列是否为空 = " + isEmpty);
}
}
}

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/**
* File: stack.cs
* Created Time: 2022-12-23
* Author: haptear (haptear@hotmail.com)
*/
using NUnit.Framework;
namespace hello_algo.chapter_stack_and_queue
{
public class stack
{
[Test]
public void Test()
{
/* 初始化栈 */
Stack<int> stack = new();
/* 元素入栈 */
stack.Push(1);
stack.Push(3);
stack.Push(2);
stack.Push(5);
stack.Push(4);
// 请注意stack.ToArray() 得到的是倒序序列,即索引 0 为栈顶
Console.WriteLine("栈 stack = " + string.Join(",", stack.ToArray()));
/* 访问栈顶元素 */
int peek = stack.Peek();
Console.WriteLine("栈顶元素 peek = " + peek);
/* 元素出栈 */
int pop = stack.Pop();
Console.WriteLine("出栈元素 pop = " + pop + ",出栈后 stack = " + string.Join(",", stack.ToArray()));
/* 获取栈的长度 */
int size = stack.Count();
Console.WriteLine("栈的长度 size = " + size);
/* 判断是否为空 */
bool isEmpty = stack.Count() == 0;
Console.WriteLine("栈是否为空 = " + isEmpty);
}
}
}

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@ -0,0 +1,260 @@
/**
* File: avl_tree.cs
* Created Time: 2022-12-23
* Author: haptear (haptear@hotmail.com)
*/
using hello_algo.include;
using NUnit.Framework;
namespace hello_algo.chapter_tree
{
// Tree class
class AVLTree
{
public TreeNode? root; // 根节点
/* 获取结点高度 */
public int height(TreeNode? node)
{
// 空结点高度为 -1 ,叶结点高度为 0
return node == null ? -1 : node.height;
}
/* 更新结点高度 */
private void updateHeight(TreeNode node)
{
// 结点高度等于最高子树高度 + 1
node.height = Math.Max(height(node.left), height(node.right)) + 1;
}
/* 获取平衡因子 */
public int balanceFactor(TreeNode? node)
{
// 空结点平衡因子为 0
if (node == null) return 0;
// 结点平衡因子 = 左子树高度 - 右子树高度
return height(node.left) - height(node.right);
}
/* 右旋操作 */
TreeNode? rightRotate(TreeNode? node)
{
TreeNode? child = node.left;
TreeNode? grandChild = child?.right;
// 以 child 为原点,将 node 向右旋转
child.right = node;
node.left = grandChild;
// 更新结点高度
updateHeight(node);
updateHeight(child);
// 返回旋转后子树的根节点
return child;
}
/* 左旋操作 */
TreeNode? leftRotate(TreeNode? node)
{
TreeNode? child = node.right;
TreeNode? grandChild = child?.left;
// 以 child 为原点,将 node 向左旋转
child.left = node;
node.right = grandChild;
// 更新结点高度
updateHeight(node);
updateHeight(child);
// 返回旋转后子树的根节点
return child;
}
/* 执行旋转操作,使该子树重新恢复平衡 */
TreeNode? rotate(TreeNode? node)
{
// 获取结点 node 的平衡因子
int balanceFactorInt = balanceFactor(node);
// 左偏树
if (balanceFactorInt > 1)
{
if (balanceFactor(node.left) >= 0)
{
// 右旋
return rightRotate(node);
}
else
{
// 先左旋后右旋
node.left = leftRotate(node?.left);
return rightRotate(node);
}
}
// 右偏树
if (balanceFactorInt < -1)
{
if (balanceFactor(node.right) <= 0)
{
// 左旋
return leftRotate(node);
}
else
{
// 先右旋后左旋
node.right = rightRotate(node?.right);
return leftRotate(node);
}
}
// 平衡树,无需旋转,直接返回
return node;
}
/* 插入结点 */
public TreeNode? insert(int val)
{
root = insertHelper(root, val);
return root;
}
/* 递归插入结点(辅助函数) */
private TreeNode? insertHelper(TreeNode? node, int val)
{
if (node == null) return new TreeNode(val);
/* 1. 查找插入位置,并插入结点 */
if (val < node.val)
node.left = insertHelper(node.left, val);
else if (val > node.val)
node.right = insertHelper(node.right, val);
else
return node; // 重复结点不插入,直接返回
updateHeight(node); // 更新结点高度
/* 2. 执行旋转操作,使该子树重新恢复平衡 */
node = rotate(node);
// 返回子树的根节点
return node;
}
/* 删除结点 */
public TreeNode? remove(int val)
{
root = removeHelper(root, val);
return root;
}
/* 递归删除结点(辅助函数) */
private TreeNode? removeHelper(TreeNode? node, int val)
{
if (node == null) return null;
/* 1. 查找结点,并删除之 */
if (val < node.val)
node.left = removeHelper(node.left, val);
else if (val > node.val)
node.right = removeHelper(node.right, val);
else
{
if (node.left == null || node.right == null)
{
TreeNode? child = node.left != null ? node.left : node.right;
// 子结点数量 = 0 ,直接删除 node 并返回
if (child == null)
return null;
// 子结点数量 = 1 ,直接删除 node
else
node = child;
}
else
{
// 子结点数量 = 2 ,则将中序遍历的下个结点删除,并用该结点替换当前结点
TreeNode? temp = getInOrderNext(node.right);
node.right = removeHelper(node.right, temp.val);
node.val = temp.val;
}
}
updateHeight(node); // 更新结点高度
/* 2. 执行旋转操作,使该子树重新恢复平衡 */
node = rotate(node);
// 返回子树的根节点
return node;
}
/* 获取中序遍历中的下一个结点(仅适用于 root 有左子结点的情况) */
private TreeNode? getInOrderNext(TreeNode? node)
{
if (node == null) return node;
// 循环访问左子结点,直到叶结点时为最小结点,跳出
while (node.left != null)
{
node = node.left;
}
return node;
}
/* 查找结点 */
public TreeNode? search(int val)
{
TreeNode? cur = root;
// 循环查找,越过叶结点后跳出
while (cur != null)
{
// 目标结点在 root 的右子树中
if (cur.val < val)
cur = cur.right;
// 目标结点在 root 的左子树中
else if (cur.val > val)
cur = cur.left;
// 找到目标结点,跳出循环
else
break;
}
// 返回目标结点
return cur;
}
}
public class avl_tree
{
static void testInsert(AVLTree tree, int val)
{
tree.insert(val);
Console.WriteLine("\n插入结点 " + val + " 后AVL 树为");
PrintUtil.PrintTree(tree.root);
}
static void testRemove(AVLTree tree, int val)
{
tree.remove(val);
Console.WriteLine("\n删除结点 " + val + " 后AVL 树为");
PrintUtil.PrintTree(tree.root);
}
[Test]
public void Test()
{
/* 初始化空 AVL 树 */
AVLTree avlTree = new AVLTree();
/* 插入结点 */
// 请关注插入结点后AVL 树是如何保持平衡的
testInsert(avlTree, 1);
testInsert(avlTree, 2);
testInsert(avlTree, 3);
testInsert(avlTree, 4);
testInsert(avlTree, 5);
testInsert(avlTree, 8);
testInsert(avlTree, 7);
testInsert(avlTree, 9);
testInsert(avlTree, 10);
testInsert(avlTree, 6);
/* 插入重复结点 */
testInsert(avlTree, 7);
/* 删除结点 */
// 请关注删除结点后AVL 树是如何保持平衡的
testRemove(avlTree, 8); // 删除度为 0 的结点
testRemove(avlTree, 5); // 删除度为 1 的结点
testRemove(avlTree, 4); // 删除度为 2 的结点
/* 查询结点 */
TreeNode? node = avlTree.search(7);
Console.WriteLine("\n查找到的结点对象为 " + node + ",结点值 = " + node?.val);
}
}
}

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@ -0,0 +1,186 @@
/**
* File: binary_search_tree.cs
* Created Time: 2022-12-23
* Author: haptear (haptear@hotmail.com)
*/
using hello_algo.include;
using NUnit.Framework;
namespace hello_algo.chapter_tree
{
class BinarySearchTree
{
TreeNode? root;
public BinarySearchTree(int[] nums) {
Array.Sort(nums); // 排序数组
root = buildTree(nums, 0, nums.Length - 1); // 构建二叉搜索树
}
/* 获取二叉树根结点 */
public TreeNode? getRoot() {
return root;
}
/* 构建二叉搜索树 */
public TreeNode? buildTree(int[] nums, int i, int j) {
if (i > j) return null;
// 将数组中间结点作为根结点
int mid = (i + j) / 2;
TreeNode root = new TreeNode(nums[mid]);
// 递归建立左子树和右子树
root.left = buildTree(nums, i, mid - 1);
root.right = buildTree(nums, mid + 1, j);
return root;
}
/// <summary>
/// 查找结点
/// </summary>
/// <param name="num"></param>
/// <returns></returns>
public TreeNode? search(int num)
{
TreeNode? cur = root;
// 循环查找,越过叶结点后跳出
while (cur != null)
{
// 目标结点在 root 的右子树中
if (cur.val < num) cur = cur.right;
// 目标结点在 root 的左子树中
else if (cur.val > num) cur = cur.left;
// 找到目标结点,跳出循环
else break;
}
// 返回目标结点
return cur;
}
/* 插入结点 */
public TreeNode? insert(int num)
{
// 若树为空,直接提前返回
if (root == null) return null;
TreeNode? cur = root, pre = null;
// 循环查找,越过叶结点后跳出
while (cur != null)
{
// 找到重复结点,直接返回
if (cur.val == num) return null;
pre = cur;
// 插入位置在 root 的右子树中
if (cur.val < num) cur = cur.right;
// 插入位置在 root 的左子树中
else cur = cur.left;
}
// 插入结点 val
TreeNode node = new TreeNode(num);
if (pre != null)
{
if (pre.val < num) pre.right = node;
else pre.left = node;
}
return node;
}
/* 删除结点 */
public TreeNode? remove(int num)
{
// 若树为空,直接提前返回
if (root == null) return null;
TreeNode? cur = root, pre = null;
// 循环查找,越过叶结点后跳出
while (cur != null)
{
// 找到待删除结点,跳出循环
if (cur.val == num) break;
pre = cur;
// 待删除结点在 root 的右子树中
if (cur.val < num) cur = cur.right;
// 待删除结点在 root 的左子树中
else cur = cur.left;
}
// 若无待删除结点,则直接返回
if (cur == null || pre == null) return null;
// 子结点数量 = 0 or 1
if (cur.left == null || cur.right == null)
{
// 当子结点数量 = 0 / 1 时, child = null / 该子结点
TreeNode? child = cur.left != null ? cur.left : cur.right;
// 删除结点 cur
if (pre.left == cur)
{
pre.left = child;
}
else
{
pre.right = child;
}
}
// 子结点数量 = 2
else
{
// 获取中序遍历中 cur 的下一个结点
TreeNode? nex = getInOrderNext(cur.right);
if (nex != null)
{
int tmp = nex.val;
// 递归删除结点 nex
remove(nex.val);
// 将 nex 的值复制给 cur
cur.val = tmp;
}
}
return cur;
}
/* 获取中序遍历中的下一个结点(仅适用于 root 有左子结点的情况) */
private TreeNode? getInOrderNext(TreeNode? root)
{
if (root == null) return root;
// 循环访问左子结点,直到叶结点时为最小结点,跳出
while (root.left != null)
{
root = root.left;
}
return root;
}
}
public class binary_search_tree
{
[Test]
public void Test()
{
/* 初始化二叉搜索树 */
int[] nums = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 };
BinarySearchTree bst = new BinarySearchTree(nums);
Console.WriteLine("\n初始化的二叉树为\n");
PrintUtil.PrintTree(bst.getRoot());
/* 查找结点 */
TreeNode? node = bst.search(5);
Console.WriteLine("\n查找到的结点对象为 " + node + ",结点值 = " + node.val);
/* 插入结点 */
node = bst.insert(16);
Console.WriteLine("\n插入结点 16 后,二叉树为\n");
PrintUtil.PrintTree(bst.getRoot());
/* 删除结点 */
bst.remove(1);
Console.WriteLine("\n删除结点 1 后,二叉树为\n");
PrintUtil.PrintTree(bst.getRoot());
bst.remove(2);
Console.WriteLine("\n删除结点 2 后,二叉树为\n");
PrintUtil.PrintTree(bst.getRoot());
bst.remove(4);
Console.WriteLine("\n删除结点 4 后,二叉树为\n");
PrintUtil.PrintTree(bst.getRoot());
}
}
}

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@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
/**
* File: binary_tree.cs
* Created Time: 2022-12-23
* Author: haptear (haptear@hotmail.com)
*/
using hello_algo.include;
using NUnit.Framework;
namespace hello_algo.chapter_tree
{
public class binary_tree
{
[Test]
public void Test()
{
/* 初始化二叉树 */
// 初始化结点
TreeNode n1 = new TreeNode(1);
TreeNode n2 = new TreeNode(2);
TreeNode n3 = new TreeNode(3);
TreeNode n4 = new TreeNode(4);
TreeNode n5 = new TreeNode(5);
// 构建引用指向(即指针)
n1.left = n2;
n1.right = n3;
n2.left = n4;
n2.right = n5;
Console.WriteLine("\n初始化二叉树\n");
PrintUtil.PrintTree(n1);
/* 插入与删除结点 */
TreeNode P = new TreeNode(0);
// 在 n1 -> n2 中间插入结点 P
n1.left = P;
P.left = n2;
Console.WriteLine("\n插入结点 P 后\n");
PrintUtil.PrintTree(n1);
// 删除结点 P
n1.left = n2;
Console.WriteLine("\n删除结点 P 后\n");
PrintUtil.PrintTree(n1);
}
}
}

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@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
/**
* File: binary_tree_bfs.cs
* Created Time: 2022-12-23
* Author: haptear (haptear@hotmail.com)
*/
using hello_algo.include;
using NUnit.Framework;
namespace hello_algo.chapter_tree
{
public class binary_tree_bfs
{
/// <summary>
/// 层序遍历
/// </summary>
/// <param name="root"></param>
/// <returns></returns>
public List<int> hierOrder(TreeNode root)
{
// 初始化队列,加入根结点
Queue<TreeNode> queue = new();
queue.Enqueue(root);
// 初始化一个列表,用于保存遍历序列
List<int> list = new();
while (queue.Count != 0)
{
TreeNode node = queue.Dequeue(); // 队列出队
list.Add(node.val); // 保存结点值
if (node.left != null)
queue.Enqueue(node.left); // 左子结点入队
if (node.right != null)
queue.Enqueue(node.right); // 右子结点入队
}
return list;
}
[Test]
public void Test()
{
/* 初始化二叉树 */
// 这里借助了一个从数组直接生成二叉树的函数
TreeNode? root = TreeNode.ArrToTree(new int?[] {
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null});
Console.WriteLine("\n初始化二叉树\n");
PrintUtil.PrintTree(root);
List<int> list = hierOrder(root);
Console.WriteLine("\n层序遍历的结点打印序列 = " + string.Join(",", list.ToArray()));
}
}
}

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@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
/**
* File: binary_tree_bfs.cs
* Created Time: 2022-12-23
* Author: haptear (haptear@hotmail.com)
*/
using hello_algo.include;
using NUnit.Framework;
namespace hello_algo.chapter_tree
{
public class binary_tree_dfs
{
List<int> list = new();
/// <summary>
/// 前序遍历
/// </summary>
/// <param name="root"></param>
void preOrder(TreeNode? root)
{
if (root == null) return;
// 访问优先级:根结点 -> 左子树 -> 右子树
list.Add(root.val);
preOrder(root.left);
preOrder(root.right);
}
/// <summary>
/// 中序遍历
/// </summary>
/// <param name="root"></param>
void inOrder(TreeNode? root)
{
if (root == null) return;
// 访问优先级:左子树 -> 根结点 -> 右子树
inOrder(root.left);
list.Add(root.val);
inOrder(root.right);
}
/// <summary>
/// 后序遍历
/// </summary>
/// <param name="root"></param>
void postOrder(TreeNode? root)
{
if (root == null) return;
// 访问优先级:左子树 -> 右子树 -> 根结点
postOrder(root.left);
postOrder(root.right);
list.Add(root.val);
}
[Test]
public void Test()
{
/* 初始化二叉树 */
// 这里借助了一个从数组直接生成二叉树的函数
TreeNode? root = TreeNode.ArrToTree(new int?[] {
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null});
Console.WriteLine("\n初始化二叉树\n");
PrintUtil.PrintTree(root);
list.Clear();
preOrder(root);
Console.WriteLine("\n前序遍历的结点打印序列 = " + string.Join(",", list.ToArray()));
list.Clear();
inOrder(root);
Console.WriteLine("\n中序遍历的结点打印序列 = " + string.Join(",", list.ToArray()));
list.Clear();
postOrder(root);
Console.WriteLine("\n后序遍历的结点打印序列 = " + string.Join(",", list.ToArray()));
}
}
}

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@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ namespace hello_algo.include
public class ListNode
{
public int val;
public ListNode next;
public ListNode? next;
/// <summary>
/// Generate a linked list with an array
@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ namespace hello_algo.include
/// </summary>
/// <param name="arr"></param>
/// <returns></returns>
public static ListNode ArrToLinkedList(int[] arr)
public static ListNode? ArrToLinkedList(int[] arr)
{
ListNode dum = new ListNode(0);
ListNode head = dum;
@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ namespace hello_algo.include
/// <param name="head"></param>
/// <param name="val"></param>
/// <returns></returns>
public static ListNode GetListNode(ListNode head, int val)
public static ListNode? GetListNode(ListNode? head, int val)
{
while (head != null && head.val != val)
{

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@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
/**
* File: PrintUtil.cs
* Created Time: 2022-12-23
* Author: haptear (haptear@hotmail.com)
*/
namespace hello_algo.include
{
public class Trunk
{
public Trunk? prev;
public String str;
public Trunk(Trunk? prev, String str)
{
this.prev = prev;
this.str = str;
}
};
public class PrintUtil
{
/**
* Print a linked list
* @param head
*/
public static void PrintLinkedList(ListNode head)
{
List<String> list = new();
while (head != null)
{
list.Add(head.val.ToString());
head = head.next;
}
Console.Write(String.Join(" -> ", list));
}
/**
* The interface of the tree printer
* This tree printer is borrowed from TECHIE DELIGHT
* https://www.techiedelight.com/c-program-print-binary-tree/
* @param root
*/
public static void PrintTree(TreeNode? root)
{
PrintTree(root, null, false);
}
/**
* Print a binary tree
* @param root
* @param prev
* @param isLeft
*/
public static void PrintTree(TreeNode? root, Trunk? prev, bool isLeft)
{
if (root == null)
{
return;
}
String prev_str = " ";
Trunk trunk = new Trunk(prev, prev_str);
PrintTree(root.right, trunk, true);
if (prev == null)
{
trunk.str = "———";
}
else if (isLeft)
{
trunk.str = "/———";
prev_str = " |";
}
else
{
trunk.str = "\\———";
prev.str = prev_str;
}
showTrunks(trunk);
Console.WriteLine(" " + root.val);
if (prev != null)
{
prev.str = prev_str;
}
trunk.str = " |";
PrintTree(root.left, trunk, false);
}
/**
* Helper function to print branches of the binary tree
* @param p
*/
public static void showTrunks(Trunk? p)
{
if (p == null)
{
return;
}
showTrunks(p.prev);
Console.Write(p.str);
}
/**
* Print a hash map
* @param <K>
* @param <V>
* @param map
*/
public static void printHashMap<K, V>(Dictionary<K, V> map) where K : notnull
{
foreach (var kv in map.Keys)
{
Console.WriteLine(kv.ToString() + " -> " + map[kv]?.ToString());
}
}
}
}

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@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
/**
* File: TreeNode.cs
* Created Time: 2022-12-23
* Author: haptear (haptear@hotmail.com)
*/
namespace hello_algo.include
{
public class TreeNode
{
public int val; // 结点值
public int height; // 结点高度
public TreeNode? left; // 左子结点引用
public TreeNode? right; // 右子结点引用
public TreeNode(int x)
{
val = x;
}
/**
* Generate a binary tree with an array
* @param arr
* @return
*/
public static TreeNode? ArrToTree(int?[] arr)
{
if (arr.Length == 0 || arr[0] == null)
return null;
TreeNode root = new TreeNode((int) arr[0]);
Queue<TreeNode> queue = new Queue<TreeNode>();
queue.Enqueue(root);
int i = 1;
while (queue.Count!=0)
{
TreeNode node = queue.Dequeue();
if (arr[i] != null)
{
node.left = new TreeNode((int) arr[i]);
queue.Enqueue(node.left);
}
i++;
if (arr[i] != null)
{
node.right = new TreeNode((int) arr[i]);
queue.Enqueue(node.right);
}
i++;
}
return root;
}
/**
* Serialize a binary tree to a list
* @param root
* @return
*/
public static List<int?> TreeToList(TreeNode root)
{
List<int?> list = new();
if (root == null) return list;
Queue<TreeNode?> queue = new();
while (queue.Count != 0)
{
TreeNode? node = queue.Dequeue();
if (node != null)
{
list.Add(node.val);
queue.Enqueue(node.left);
queue.Enqueue(node.right);
}
else
{
list.Add(null);
}
}
return list;
}
/**
* Get a tree node with specific value in a binary tree
* @param root
* @param val
* @return
*/
public static TreeNode? GetTreeNode(TreeNode? root, int val)
{
if (root == null)
return null;
if (root.val == val)
return root;
TreeNode? left = GetTreeNode(root.left, val);
TreeNode? right = GetTreeNode(root.right, val);
return left != null ? left : right;
}
}
}

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@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
// File: array.go
// Created Time: 2022-12-29
// Author: GuoWei (gongguowei01@gmail.com), cathay (cathaycchen@gmail.com)
package chapter_array_and_linkedlist
import (
"math/rand"
)
/**
我们将 Go 中的 Slice 切片看作 Array 数组降低理解成本
有利于我们将关注点放在数据结构与算法上
*/
/* 随机返回一个数组元素 */
func randomAccess(nums []int) (randomNum int) {
// 在区间 [0, nums.length) 中随机抽取一个数字
randomIndex := rand.Intn(len(nums))
// 获取并返回随机元素
randomNum = nums[randomIndex]
return
}
/* 扩展数组长度 */
func extend(nums []int, enlarge int) []int {
// 初始化一个扩展长度后的数组
res := make([]int, len(nums)+enlarge)
// 将原数组中的所有元素复制到新数组
for i, num := range nums {
res[i] = num
}
// 返回扩展后的新数组
return res
}
/* 在数组的索引 index 处插入元素 num */
func insert(nums []int, num int, index int) {
// 把索引 index 以及之后的所有元素向后移动一位
for i := len(nums) - 1; i > index; i-- {
nums[i] = nums[i-1]
}
// 将 num 赋给 index 处元素
nums[index] = num
}
/* 删除索引 index 处元素 */
func remove(nums []int, index int) {
// 把索引 index 之后的所有元素向前移动一位
for i := index; i < len(nums)-1; i++ {
nums[i] = nums[i+1]
}
}
/* 遍历数组 */
func traverse(nums []int) {
count := 0
// 通过索引遍历数组
for i := 0; i < len(nums); i++ {
count++
}
count = 0
// 直接遍历数组
for range nums {
count++
}
}
/* 在数组中查找指定元素 */
func find(nums []int, target int) (index int) {
index = -1
for i := 0; i < len(nums); i++ {
if nums[i] == target {
index = i
break
}
}
return
}

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@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
// File: array_test.go
// Created Time: 2022-12-29
// Author: GuoWei (gongguowei01@gmail.com), cathay (cathaycchen@gmail.com)
package chapter_array_and_linkedlist
/**
我们将 Go 中的 Slice 切片看作 Array 数组因为这样可以
降低理解成本利于我们将关注点放在数据结构与算法上
*/
import (
"fmt"
"testing"
)
/* Driver Code */
func TestArray(t *testing.T) {
/* 初始化数组 */
var arr []int
fmt.Println("数组 arr =", arr)
nums := []int{1, 3, 2, 5, 4}
fmt.Println("数组 nums =", nums)
/* 随机访问 */
randomNum := randomAccess(nums)
fmt.Println("在 nums 中获取随机元素", randomNum)
/* 长度扩展 */
nums = extend(nums, 3)
fmt.Println("将数组长度扩展至 8 ,得到 nums =", nums)
/* 插入元素 */
insert(nums, 6, 3)
fmt.Println("在索引 3 处插入数字 6 ,得到 nums =", nums)
/* 删除元素 */
remove(nums, 2)
fmt.Println("删除索引 2 处的元素,得到 nums =", nums)
/* 遍历数组 */
traverse(nums)
/* 查找元素 */
index := find(nums, 3)
fmt.Println("在 nums 中查找元素 3 ,得到索引 =", index)
}

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@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
// File: linked_list.go
// Created Time: 2022-12-29
// Author: cathay (cathaycchen@gmail.com)
package chapter_array_and_linkedlist
import (
. "github.com/krahets/hello-algo/pkg"
)
/* 在链表的结点 n0 之后插入结点 P */
func insertNode(n0 *ListNode, P *ListNode) {
n1 := n0.Next
n0.Next = P
P.Next = n1
}
/* 删除链表的结点 n0 之后的首个结点 */
func removeNode(n0 *ListNode) {
if n0.Next == nil {
return
}
// n0 -> P -> n1
P := n0.Next
n1 := P.Next
n0.Next = n1
}
/* 访问链表中索引为 index 的结点 */
func access(head *ListNode, index int) *ListNode {
for i := 0; i < index; i++ {
head = head.Next
if head == nil {
return nil
}
}
return head
}
/* 在链表中查找值为 target 的首个结点 */
func findNode(head *ListNode, target int) int {
index := 0
for head != nil {
if head.Val == target {
return index
}
head = head.Next
index++
}
return -1
}

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@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
// File: linked_list_test.go
// Created Time: 2022-12-29
// Author: cathay (cathaycchen@gmail.com)
package chapter_array_and_linkedlist
import (
"fmt"
"testing"
. "github.com/krahets/hello-algo/pkg"
)
func TestLikedList(t *testing.T) {
/* 初始化链表 1 -> 3 -> 2 -> 5 -> 4 */
// 初始化各个结点
n0 := NewListNode(1)
n1 := NewListNode(3)
n2 := NewListNode(2)
n3 := NewListNode(5)
n4 := NewListNode(4)
// 构建引用指向
n0.Next = n1
n1.Next = n2
n2.Next = n3
n3.Next = n4
fmt.Println("初始化的链表为")
PrintLinkedList(n0)
/* 插入结点 */
insertNode(n0, NewListNode(0))
fmt.Println("插入结点后的链表为")
PrintLinkedList(n0)
/* 删除结点 */
removeNode(n0)
fmt.Println("删除结点后的链表为")
PrintLinkedList(n0)
/* 访问结点 */
node := access(n0, 3)
fmt.Println("链表中索引 3 处的结点的值 =", node)
/* 查找结点 */
index := findNode(n0, 2)
fmt.Println("链表中值为 2 的结点的索引 =", index)
}

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@ -79,16 +79,19 @@ func (l *MyList) insert(num, index int) {
}
/* 删除元素 */
func (l *MyList) remove(index int) {
func (l *MyList) remove(index int) int {
if index >= l.numsSize {
panic("索引越界")
}
num := l.nums[index]
// 索引 i 之后的元素都向前移动一位
for j := index; j < l.numsSize-1; j++ {
l.nums[j] = l.nums[j+1]
}
// 更新元素数量
l.numsSize--
// 返回被删除元素
return num
}
/* 列表扩容 */
@ -103,4 +106,4 @@ func (l *MyList) extendCapacity() {
func (l *MyList) toArray() []int {
// 仅转换有效长度范围内的列表元素
return l.nums[:l.numsSize]
}
}

View File

@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ func printTree(root *TreeNode) {
printTree(root.right)
}
/* 函数(或称方法)*/
/* 函数 */
func function() int {
// do something...
return 0

View File

@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
// Created Time: 2022-12-06
// Author: Slone123c (274325721@qq.com)
package bubble_sort
package chapter_sorting
/* 冒泡排序 */
func bubbleSort(nums []int) {

View File

@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
// Created Time: 2022-12-06
// Author: Slone123c (274325721@qq.com)
package bubble_sort
package chapter_sorting
import (
"fmt"

View File

@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
// Created Time: 2022-12-12
// Author: msk397 (machangxinq@gmail.com)
package insertion_sort
package chapter_sorting
func insertionSort(nums []int) {
// 外循环:待排序元素数量为 n-1, n-2, ..., 1

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@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
// Created Time: 2022-12-12
// Author: msk397 (machangxinq@gmail.com)
package insertion_sort
package chapter_sorting
import (
"fmt"

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@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
// Created Time: 2022-12-13
// Author: msk397 (machangxinq@gmail.com)
package merge_sort
package chapter_sorting
// 合并左子数组和右子数组
// 左子数组区间 [left, mid]
@ -21,15 +21,15 @@ func merge(nums []int, left, mid, right int) {
i, j := left_start, right_start
// 通过覆盖原数组 nums 来合并左子数组和右子数组
for k := left; k <= right; k++ {
// 若 “左子数组已全部合并完”,则选取右子数组元素,并且 j++
// 若“左子数组已全部合并完”,则选取右子数组元素,并且 j++
if i > left_end {
nums[k] = tmp[j]
j++
// 否则,若 “右子数组已全部合并完” “左子数组元素 < 右子数组元素”,则选取左子数组元素,并且 i++
// 否则,若“右子数组已全部合并完”或“左子数组元素 <= 右子数组元素”,则选取左子数组元素,并且 i++
} else if j > right_end || tmp[i] <= tmp[j] {
nums[k] = tmp[i]
i++
// 否则,若 “左子数组元素 > 右子数组元素”,则选取右子数组元素,并且 j++
// 否则,若“左右子数组都未全部合并完”且“左子数组元素 > 右子数组元素”,则选取右子数组元素,并且 j++
} else {
nums[k] = tmp[j]
j++

View File

@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
package merge_sort
// File: merge_sort_test.go
// Created Time: 2022-12-13
// Author: msk397 (machangxinq@gmail.com)
package chapter_sorting
import (
"fmt"
"testing"

View File

@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
// Created Time: 2022-12-12
// Author: msk397 (machangxinq@gmail.com)
package quick_sort
package chapter_sorting
// 快速排序
type QuickSort struct{}

View File

@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
// Created Time: 2022-12-12
// Author: msk397 (machangxinq@gmail.com)
package quick_sort
package chapter_sorting
import (
"fmt"

View File

@ -23,13 +23,13 @@ func NewBinarySearchTree(nums []int) *BinarySearchTree {
}
}
// GetRoot Get the root node of binary search tree
/* 获取根结点 */
func (bst *BinarySearchTree) GetRoot() *TreeNode {
return bst.root
}
// GetMin Get node with the min value
func (bst *BinarySearchTree) GetMin(node *TreeNode) *TreeNode {
/* 获取中序遍历的下一个结点 */
func (bst *BinarySearchTree) GetInOrderNext(node *TreeNode) *TreeNode {
if node == nil {
return node
}
@ -40,19 +40,6 @@ func (bst *BinarySearchTree) GetMin(node *TreeNode) *TreeNode {
return node
}
// GetInorderNext Get node inorder next
func (bst *BinarySearchTree) GetInorderNext(node *TreeNode) *TreeNode {
if node == nil || node.Right == nil {
return node
}
node = node.Right
// 循环访问左子结点,直到叶结点时为最小结点,跳出
for node.Left != nil {
node = node.Left
}
return node
}
/* 查找结点 */
func (bst *BinarySearchTree) Search(num int) *TreeNode {
node := bst.root
@ -149,7 +136,7 @@ func (bst *BinarySearchTree) Remove(num int) *TreeNode {
// 子结点数为 2
} else {
// 获取中序遍历中待删除结点 cur 的下一个结点
next := bst.GetInorderNext(cur)
next := bst.GetInOrderNext(cur)
temp := next.Val
// 递归删除结点 next
bst.Remove(next.Val)

View File

@ -12,33 +12,30 @@ import (
func TestBinarySearchTree(t *testing.T) {
nums := []int{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15}
bst := NewBinarySearchTree(nums)
fmt.Println("初始化的二叉树为:")
fmt.Println("\n初始化的二叉树为:")
bst.Print()
// 获取根结点
node := bst.GetRoot()
fmt.Println("二叉树的根结点为:", node.Val)
// 获取最小的结点
node = bst.GetMin(bst.GetRoot())
fmt.Println("二叉树的最小结点为:", node.Val)
fmt.Println("\n二叉树的根结点为:", node.Val)
// 查找结点
node = bst.Search(5)
fmt.Println("查找到的结点对象为", node, ",结点值 =", node.Val)
fmt.Println("\n查找到的结点对象为", node, ",结点值 =", node.Val)
// 插入结点
node = bst.Insert(16)
fmt.Println("插入结点后 16 的二叉树为:")
fmt.Println("\n插入结点后 16 的二叉树为:")
bst.Print()
// 删除结点
bst.Remove(1)
fmt.Println("删除结点 1 后的二叉树为:")
fmt.Println("\n删除结点 1 后的二叉树为:")
bst.Print()
bst.Remove(2)
fmt.Println("删除结点 2 后的二叉树为:")
fmt.Println("\n删除结点 2 后的二叉树为:")
bst.Print()
bst.Remove(4)
fmt.Println("删除结点 4 后的二叉树为:")
fmt.Println("\n删除结点 4 后的二叉树为:")
bst.Print()
}

View File

@ -25,13 +25,13 @@ public class merge_sort {
int i = leftStart, j = rightStart;
// 通过覆盖原数组 nums 来合并左子数组和右子数组
for (int k = left; k <= right; k++) {
// 左子数组已全部合并完则选取右子数组元素并且 j++
// 左子数组已全部合并完则选取右子数组元素并且 j++
if (i > leftEnd)
nums[k] = tmp[j++];
// 否则 右子数组已全部合并完 左子数组元素 < 右子数组元素则选取左子数组元素并且 i++
// 否则右子数组已全部合并完左子数组元素 <= 右子数组元素则选取左子数组元素并且 i++
else if (j > rightEnd || tmp[i] <= tmp[j])
nums[k] = tmp[i++];
// 否则 左子数组元素 > 右子数组元素则选取右子数组元素并且 j++
// 否则左右子数组都未全部合并完左子数组元素 > 右子数组元素则选取右子数组元素并且 j++
else
nums[k] = tmp[j++];
}

View File

@ -58,19 +58,11 @@ class ArrayQueue {
/* 访问队首元素 */
public int peek() {
// 删除头结点
if (isEmpty())
throw new EmptyStackException();
return nums[front];
}
/* 访问索引 index 处元素 */
int get(int index) {
if (index >= size())
throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException();
return nums[(front + index) % capacity()];
}
/* 返回数组 */
public int[] toArray() {
int size = size();

View File

@ -45,13 +45,6 @@ class ArrayStack {
return stack.get(size() - 1);
}
/* 访问索引 index 处元素 */
public int get(int index) {
if (index >= size())
throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException();
return stack.get(index);
}
/* 将 List 转化为 Array 并返回 */
public Object[] toArray() {
return stack.toArray();
@ -75,10 +68,6 @@ public class array_stack {
int peek = stack.peek();
System.out.println("栈顶元素 peek = " + peek);
/* 访问索引 index 处元素 */
int num = stack.get(3);
System.out.println("栈索引 3 处的元素为 num = " + num);
/* 元素出栈 */
int pop = stack.pop();
System.out.println("出栈元素 pop = " + pop + ",出栈后 stack = " + Arrays.toString(stack.toArray()));

View File

@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ class AVLTree {
node = child;
} else {
// 子结点数量 = 2 则将中序遍历的下个结点删除并用该结点替换当前结点
TreeNode temp = minNode(node.right);
TreeNode temp = getInOrderNext(node.right);
node.right = removeHelper(node.right, temp.val);
node.val = temp.val;
}
@ -150,8 +150,8 @@ class AVLTree {
return node;
}
/* 获取最小结点 */
private TreeNode minNode(TreeNode node) {
/* 获取中序遍历中的下一个结点(仅适用于 root 有左子结点的情况) */
private TreeNode getInOrderNext(TreeNode node) {
if (node == null) return node;
// 循环访问左子结点直到叶结点时为最小结点跳出
while (node.left != null) {

View File

@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ class BinarySearchTree {
// 子结点数量 = 2
else {
// 获取中序遍历中 cur 的下一个结点
TreeNode nex = min(cur.right);
TreeNode nex = getInOrderNext(cur.right);
int tmp = nex.val;
// 递归删除结点 nex
remove(nex.val);
@ -111,8 +111,8 @@ class BinarySearchTree {
return cur;
}
/* 获取最小结点 */
public TreeNode min(TreeNode root) {
/* 获取中序遍历中的下一个结点(仅适用于 root 有左子结点的情况) */
public TreeNode getInOrderNext(TreeNode root) {
if (root == null) return root;
// 循环访问左子结点直到叶结点时为最小结点跳出
while (root.left != null) {

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@ -0,0 +1,129 @@
/*
* File: array_hash_map.js
* Created Time: 2022-12-26
* Author: Justin (xiefahit@gmail.com)
*/
/* 键值对 Number -> String */
class Entry {
constructor(key, val) {
this.key = key;
this.val = val;
}
}
/* 基于数组简易实现的哈希表 */
class ArrayHashMap {
#bucket;
constructor() {
// 初始化一个长度为 100 的桶(数组)
this.#bucket = new Array(100).fill(null);
}
/* 哈希函数 */
#hashFunc(key) {
return key % 100;
}
/* 查询操作 */
get(key) {
let index = this.#hashFunc(key);
let entry = this.#bucket[index];
if (entry === null) return null;
return entry.val;
}
/* 添加操作 */
set(key, val) {
let index = this.#hashFunc(key);
this.#bucket[index] = new Entry(key, val);
}
/* 删除操作 */
delete(key) {
let index = this.#hashFunc(key);
// 置为 null ,代表删除
this.#bucket[index] = null;
}
/* 获取所有键值对 */
entries() {
let arr = [];
for (let i = 0; i < this.#bucket.length; i++) {
if (this.#bucket[i]) {
arr.push(this.#bucket[i]);
}
}
return arr;
}
/* 获取所有键 */
keys() {
let arr = [];
for (let i = 0; i < this.#bucket.length; i++) {
if (this.#bucket[i]) {
arr.push(this.#bucket[i]?.key);
}
}
return arr;
}
/* 获取所有值 */
values() {
let arr = [];
for (let i = 0; i < this.#bucket.length; i++) {
if (this.#bucket[i]) {
arr.push(this.#bucket[i]?.val);
}
}
return arr;
}
/* 打印哈希表 */
print() {
let entrySet = this.entries();
for (const entry of entrySet) {
if (!entry) continue;
console.info(`${entry.key} -> ${entry.val}`);
}
}
}
/* Driver Code */
/* 初始化哈希表 */
const map = new ArrayHashMap();
/* 添加操作 */
// 在哈希表中添加键值对 (key, value)
map.set(12836, '小哈');
map.set(15937, '小啰');
map.set(16750, '小算');
map.set(13276, '小法');
map.set(10583, '小鸭');
console.info('\n添加完成后哈希表为\nKey -> Value');
map.print();
/* 查询操作 */
// 向哈希表输入键 key ,得到值 value
let name = map.get(15937);
console.info('\n输入学号 15937 ,查询到姓名 ' + name);
/* 删除操作 */
// 在哈希表中删除键值对 (key, value)
map.delete(10583);
console.info('\n删除 10583 后,哈希表为\nKey -> Value');
map.print();
/* 遍历哈希表 */
console.info('\n遍历键值对 Key->Value');
for (const entry of map.entries()) {
if (!entry) continue;
console.info(entry.key + ' -> ' + entry.val);
}
console.info('\n单独遍历键 Key');
for (const key of map.keys()) {
console.info(key);
}
console.info('\n单独遍历值 Value');
for (const val of map.values()) {
console.info(val);
}

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@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
/*
* File: hash_map.js
* Created Time: 2022-12-26
* Author: Justin (xiefahit@gmail.com)
*/
/* Driver Code */
/* 初始化哈希表 */
const map = new Map();
/* 添加操作 */
// 在哈希表中添加键值对 (key, value)
map.set(12836, '小哈');
map.set(15937, '小啰');
map.set(16750, '小算');
map.set(13276, '小法');
map.set(10583, '小鸭');
console.info('\n添加完成后哈希表为\nKey -> Value');
console.info(map);
/* 查询操作 */
// 向哈希表输入键 key ,得到值 value
let name = map.get(15937);
console.info('\n输入学号 15937 ,查询到姓名 ' + name);
/* 删除操作 */
// 在哈希表中删除键值对 (key, value)
map.delete(10583);
console.info('\n删除 10583 后,哈希表为\nKey -> Value');
console.info(map);
/* 遍历哈希表 */
console.info('\n遍历键值对 Key->Value');
for (const [k, v] of map.entries()) {
console.info(k + ' -> ' + v);
}
console.info('\n单独遍历键 Key');
for (const k of map.keys()) {
console.info(k);
}
console.info('\n单独遍历值 Value');
for (const v of map.values()) {
console.info(v);
}

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@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
/**
* File: binary_search.js
* Created Time: 2022-12-22
* Author: JoseHung (szhong@link.cuhk.edu.hk)
*/
/* 二分查找(双闭区间) */
function binarySearch(nums, target) {
// 初始化双闭区间 [0, n-1] ,即 i, j 分别指向数组首元素、尾元素
let i = 0, j = nums.length - 1;
// 循环,当搜索区间为空时跳出(当 i > j 时为空)
while (i <= j) {
let m = parseInt((i + j) / 2); // 计算中点索引 m ,在 JS 中需使用 parseInt 函数取整
if (nums[m] < target) // 此情况说明 target 在区间 [m+1, j] 中
i = m + 1;
else if (nums[m] > target) // 此情况说明 target 在区间 [i, m-1] 中
j = m - 1;
else
return m; // 找到目标元素,返回其索引
}
// 未找到目标元素,返回 -1
return -1;
}
/* 二分查找(左闭右开) */
function binarySearch1(nums, target) {
// 初始化左闭右开 [0, n) ,即 i, j 分别指向数组首元素、尾元素+1
let i = 0, j = nums.length;
// 循环,当搜索区间为空时跳出(当 i = j 时为空)
while (i < j) {
let m = parseInt((i + j) / 2); // 计算中点索引 m ,在 JS 中需使用 parseInt 函数取整
if (nums[m] < target) // 此情况说明 target 在区间 [m+1, j) 中
i = m + 1;
else if (nums[m] > target) // 此情况说明 target 在区间 [i, m) 中
j = m;
else // 找到目标元素,返回其索引
return m;
}
// 未找到目标元素,返回 -1
return -1;
}
/* Driver Code */
var target = 6;
var nums = [1, 3, 6, 8, 12, 15, 23, 67, 70, 92];
/* 二分查找(双闭区间) */
var index = binarySearch(nums, target);
console.log("目标元素 6 的索引 = " + index);
/* 二分查找(左闭右开) */
index = binarySearch1(nums, target);
console.log("目标元素 6 的索引 = " + index);

View File

@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
/**
* File: linear-search.js
* Created Time: 2022-12-22
* Author: JoseHung (szhong@link.cuhk.edu.hk)
*/
const ListNode = require("../include/ListNode");
/* 线性查找(数组) */
function linearSearchArray(nums, target) {
// 遍历数组
for (let i = 0; i < nums.length; i++) {
// 找到目标元素,返回其索引
if (nums[i] === target) {
return i;
}
}
// 未找到目标元素,返回 -1
return -1;
}
/* 线性查找(链表)*/
function linearSearchLinkedList(head, target) {
// 遍历链表
while(head) {
// 找到目标结点,返回之
if(head.val === target) {
return head;
}
head = head.next;
}
// 未找到目标结点,返回 null
return null;
}
/* Driver Code */
var target = 3;
/* 在数组中执行线性查找 */
var nums = [1, 5, 3, 2, 4, 7, 5, 9, 10, 8];
var index = linearSearchArray(nums, target);
console.log("目标元素 3 的索引 = " + index);
/* 在链表中执行线性查找 */
var linkedList = new ListNode();
var head = linkedList.arrToLinkedList(nums);
var node = linearSearchLinkedList(head, target);
console.log("目标结点值 3 的对应结点对象为 " + node);

View File

@ -20,13 +20,13 @@ function merge(nums, left, mid, right) {
let i = leftStart, j = rightStart;
// 通过覆盖原数组 nums 来合并左子数组和右子数组
for (let k = left; k <= right; k++) {
// 若 “左子数组已全部合并完”,则选取右子数组元素,并且 j++
// 若“左子数组已全部合并完”,则选取右子数组元素,并且 j++
if (i > leftEnd) {
nums[k] = tmp[j++];
// 否则,若 “右子数组已全部合并完” “左子数组元素 < 右子数组元素”,则选取左子数组元素,并且 i++
// 否则,若“右子数组已全部合并完”或“左子数组元素 <= 右子数组元素”,则选取左子数组元素,并且 i++
} else if (j > rightEnd || tmp[i] <= tmp[j]) {
nums[k] = tmp[i++];
// 否则,若 “左子数组元素 > 右子数组元素”,则选取右子数组元素,并且 j++
// 否则,若“左右子数组都未全部合并完”且“左子数组元素 > 右子数组元素”,则选取右子数组元素,并且 j++
} else {
nums[k] = tmp[j++];
}

View File

@ -0,0 +1,110 @@
/**
* File: array_queue.js
* Created Time: 2022-12-13
* Author: S-N-O-R-L-A-X (snorlax.xu@outlook.com)
*/
/* 基于环形数组实现的队列 */
class ArrayQueue {
#queue; // 用于存储队列元素的数组
#front = 0; // 头指针,指向队首
#rear = 0; // 尾指针,指向队尾 + 1
constructor(capacity) {
this.#queue = new Array(capacity);
}
/* 获取队列的容量 */
get capacity() {
return this.#queue.length;
}
/* 获取队列的长度 */
get size() {
// 由于将数组看作为环形,可能 rear < front ,因此需要取余数
return (this.capacity + this.#rear - this.#front) % this.capacity;
}
/* 判断队列是否为空 */
empty() {
return this.#rear - this.#front == 0;
}
/* 入队 */
offer(num) {
if (this.size == this.capacity)
throw new Error("队列已满");
// 尾结点后添加 num
this.#queue[this.#rear] = num;
// 尾指针向后移动一位,越过尾部后返回到数组头部
this.#rear = (this.#rear + 1) % this.capacity;
}
/* 出队 */
poll() {
const num = this.peek();
// 队头指针向后移动一位,若越过尾部则返回到数组头部
this.#front = (this.#front + 1) % this.capacity;
return num;
}
/* 访问队首元素 */
peek() {
if (this.empty())
throw new Error("队列为空");
return this.#queue[this.#front];
}
/* 返回 Array */
toArray() {
const siz = this.size;
const cap = this.capacity;
// 仅转换有效长度范围内的列表元素
const arr = new Array(siz);
for (let i = 0, j = this.#front; i < siz; i++, j++) {
arr[i] = this.#queue[j % cap];
}
return arr;
}
}
/* Driver Code */
/* 初始化队列 */
const capacity = 10;
const queue = new ArrayQueue(capacity);
/* 元素入队 */
queue.offer(1);
queue.offer(3);
queue.offer(2);
queue.offer(5);
queue.offer(4);
console.log("队列 queue = ");
console.log(queue.toArray());
/* 访问队首元素 */
const peek = queue.peek();
console.log("队首元素 peek = " + peek);
/* 元素出队 */
const poll = queue.poll();
console.log("出队元素 poll = " + poll + ",出队后 queue = ");
console.log(queue.toArray());
/* 获取队列的长度 */
const size = queue.size;
console.log("队列长度 size = " + size);
/* 判断队列是否为空 */
const empty = queue.empty();
console.log("队列是否为空 = " + empty);
/* 测试环形数组 */
for (let i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
queue.offer(i);
queue.poll();
console.log("第 " + i + " 轮入队 + 出队后 queue = ");
console.log(queue.toArray());
}

View File

@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ class ArrayStack {
constructor() {
this.stack = [];
}
/* 获取栈的长度 */
get size() {
return this.stack.length;
@ -28,22 +29,18 @@ class ArrayStack {
/* 出栈 */
pop() {
if (this.empty()) throw "栈为空";
if (this.empty())
throw new Error("栈为空");
return this.stack.pop();
}
/* 访问栈顶元素 */
top() {
if (this.empty()) throw "栈为空";
if (this.empty())
throw new Error("栈为空");
return this.stack[this.stack.length - 1];
}
/* 访问索引 index 处元素 */
get(index) {
if (index >= this.size) throw "索引越界";
return this.stack[index];
}
/* 返回 Array */
toArray() {
return this.stack;
@ -69,10 +66,6 @@ console.log(stack.toArray());
const top = stack.top();
console.log("栈顶元素 top = " + top);
/* 访问索引 index 处元素 */
const num = stack.get(3);
console.log("栈索引 3 处的元素为 num = " + num);
/* 元素出栈 */
const pop = stack.pop();
console.log("出栈元素 pop = " + pop + ",出栈后 stack = ");

View File

@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
/**
* File: linkedlist_queue.js
* Created Time: 2022-12-20
* Author: S-N-O-R-L-A-X (snorlax.xu@outlook.com)
*/
const ListNode = require("../include/ListNode");
/* 基于链表实现的队列 */
class LinkedListQueue {
#front; // 头结点 #front
#rear; // 尾结点 #rear
#queSize = 0;
constructor() {
this.#front = null;
this.#rear = null;
}
/* 获取队列的长度 */
get size() {
return this.#queSize;
}
/* 判断队列是否为空 */
isEmpty() {
return this.size === 0;
}
/* 入队 */
offer(num) {
// 尾结点后添加 num
const node = new ListNode(num);
// 如果队列为空,则令头、尾结点都指向该结点
if (!this.#front) {
this.#front = node;
this.#rear = node;
// 如果队列不为空,则将该结点添加到尾结点后
} else {
this.#rear.next = node;
this.#rear = node;
}
this.#queSize++;
}
/* 出队 */
poll() {
const num = this.peek();
// 删除头结点
this.#front = this.#front.next;
this.#queSize--;
return num;
}
/* 访问队首元素 */
peek() {
if (this.size === 0)
throw new Error("队列为空");
return this.#front.val;
}
/* 将链表转化为 Array 并返回 */
toArray() {
let node = this.#front;
const res = new Array(this.size);
for (let i = 0; i < res.length; i++) {
res[i] = node.val;
node = node.next;
}
return res;
}
}
/* Driver Code */
/* 初始化队列 */
const queue = new LinkedListQueue();
/* 元素入队 */
queue.offer(1);
queue.offer(3);
queue.offer(2);
queue.offer(5);
queue.offer(4);
console.log("队列 queue = " + queue.toArray());
/* 访问队首元素 */
const peek = queue.peek();
console.log("队首元素 peek = " + peek);
/* 元素出队 */
const poll = queue.poll();
console.log("出队元素 poll = " + poll + ",出队后 queue = " + queue.toArray());
/* 获取队列的长度 */
const size = queue.size;
console.log("队列长度 size = " + size);
/* 判断队列是否为空 */
const isEmpty = queue.isEmpty();
console.log("队列是否为空 = " + isEmpty);

View File

@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
/**
* File: linkedlist_stack.js
* Created Time: 2022-12-22
* Author: S-N-O-R-L-A-X (snorlax.xu@outlook.com)
*/
const ListNode = require("../include/ListNode");
/* 基于链表实现的栈 */
class LinkedListStack {
#stackPeek; // 将头结点作为栈顶
#stkSize = 0; // 栈的长度
constructor() {
this.#stackPeek = null;
}
/* 获取栈的长度 */
get size() {
return this.#stkSize;
}
/* 判断栈是否为空 */
isEmpty() {
return this.size == 0;
}
/* 入栈 */
push(num) {
const node = new ListNode(num);
node.next = this.#stackPeek;
this.#stackPeek = node;
this.#stkSize++;
}
/* 出栈 */
pop() {
const num = this.peek();
this.#stackPeek = this.#stackPeek.next;
this.#stkSize--;
return num;
}
/* 访问栈顶元素 */
peek() {
if (!this.#stackPeek)
throw new Error("栈为空!");
return this.#stackPeek.val;
}
/* 将链表转化为 Array 并返回 */
toArray() {
let node = this.#stackPeek;
const res = new Array(this.size);
for (let i = res.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
res[i] = node.val;
node = node.next;
}
return res;
}
}
/* 初始化栈 */
const stack = new LinkedListStack();
/* 元素入栈 */
stack.push(1);
stack.push(3);
stack.push(2);
stack.push(5);
stack.push(4);
console.log("栈 stack = " + stack.toArray());
/* 访问栈顶元素 */
const peek = stack.peek();
console.log("栈顶元素 peek = " + peek);
/* 元素出栈 */
const pop = stack.pop();
console.log("出栈元素 pop = " + pop + ",出栈后 stack = " + stack.toArray());
/* 获取栈的长度 */
const size = stack.size;
console.log("栈的长度 size = " + size);
/* 判断是否为空 */
const isEmpty = stack.isEmpty();
console.log("栈是否为空 = " + isEmpty);

View File

@ -4,9 +4,10 @@
* Author: S-N-O-R-L-A-X (snorlax.xu@outlook.com)
*/
/* Driver Code */
/* 初始化队列 */
// JavaScript 没有内置的队列,可以把 Array 当作队列来使用
// 注意:由于是数组,所以 shift() 的时间复杂度是 O(n)
// JavaScript 没有内置的队列,可以把 Array 当作队列来使用
const queue = [];
/* 元素入队 */
@ -20,7 +21,7 @@ queue.push(4);
const peek = queue[0];
/* 元素出队 */
// O(n)
// 底层是数组,因此 shift() 方法的时间复杂度为 O(n)
const poll = queue.shift();
/* 获取队列的长度 */

View File

@ -4,6 +4,8 @@
* Author: S-N-O-R-L-A-X (snorlax.xu@outlook.com)
*/
/* Driver Code */
/* 初始化栈 */
// Javascript 没有内置的栈类,可以把 Array 当作栈来使用
const stack = [];

View File

@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ function remove(num) {
// 子结点数量 = 2
else {
// 获取中序遍历中 cur 的下一个结点
let nex = min(cur.right);
let nex = getInOrderNext(cur.right);
let tmp = nex.val;
// 递归删除结点 nex
remove(nex.val);
@ -108,8 +108,8 @@ function remove(num) {
return cur;
}
/* 获取最小结点 */
function min(root) {
/* 获取中序遍历中的下一个结点(仅适用于 root 有左子结点的情况) */
function getInOrderNext(root) {
if (root === null) return root;
// 循环访问左子结点,直到叶结点时为最小结点,跳出
while (root.left !== null) {

View File

@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ class ListNode {
*/
arrToLinkedList(arr) {
const dum = new ListNode(0);
const head = dum;
let head = dum;
for (const val of arr) {
head.next = new ListNode(val);
head = head.next;

View File

@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
'''
"""
File: array.py
Created Time: 2022-11-25
Author: Krahets (krahets@163.com)
'''
"""
import sys, os.path as osp
sys.path.append(osp.dirname(osp.dirname(osp.abspath(__file__))))

View File

@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
'''
"""
File: linked_list.py
Created Time: 2022-11-25
Author: Krahets (krahets@163.com)
'''
"""
import sys, os.path as osp
sys.path.append(osp.dirname(osp.dirname(osp.abspath(__file__))))

View File

@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
'''
"""
File: list.py
Created Time: 2022-11-25
Author: Krahets (krahets@163.com)
'''
"""
import sys, os.path as osp
sys.path.append(osp.dirname(osp.dirname(osp.abspath(__file__))))

View File

@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
'''
"""
File: my_list.py
Created Time: 2022-11-25
Author: Krahets (krahets@163.com)
'''
"""
import sys, os.path as osp
sys.path.append(osp.dirname(osp.dirname(osp.abspath(__file__))))
@ -55,11 +55,14 @@ class MyList:
""" 删除元素 """
def remove(self, index):
assert index < self.__size, "索引越界"
num = self.nums[index]
# 索引 i 之后的元素都向前移动一位
for j in range(index, self.__size - 1):
self.__nums[j] = self.__nums[j + 1]
# 更新元素数量
self.__size -= 1
# 返回被删除元素
return num
""" 列表扩容 """
def extend_capacity(self):

View File

@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
'''
"""
File: leetcode_two_sum.py
Created Time: 2022-11-25
Author: Krahets (krahets@163.com)
'''
"""
import sys, os.path as osp
sys.path.append(osp.dirname(osp.dirname(osp.abspath(__file__))))

View File

@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
'''
"""
File: space_complexity.py
Created Time: 2022-11-25
Author: Krahets (krahets@163.com)
'''
"""
import sys, os.path as osp
sys.path.append(osp.dirname(osp.dirname(osp.abspath(__file__))))

View File

@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
'''
"""
File: time_complexity.py
Created Time: 2022-11-25
Author: Krahets (krahets@163.com)
'''
"""
import sys, os.path as osp
sys.path.append(osp.dirname(osp.dirname(osp.abspath(__file__))))

View File

@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
'''
"""
File: worst_best_time_complexity.py
Created Time: 2022-11-25
Author: Krahets (krahets@163.com)
'''
"""
import sys, os.path as osp
sys.path.append(osp.dirname(osp.dirname(osp.abspath(__file__))))

View File

@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
'''
"""
File: binary_search.py
Created Time: 2022-11-26
Author: timi (xisunyy@163.com)
'''
"""
import sys, os.path as osp
sys.path.append(osp.dirname(osp.dirname(osp.abspath(__file__))))

View File

@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
'''
"""
File: hashing_search.py
Created Time: 2022-11-26
Author: timi (xisunyy@163.com)
'''
"""
import sys, os.path as osp
sys.path.append(osp.dirname(osp.dirname(osp.abspath(__file__))))

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@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
'''
"""
File: linear_search.py
Created Time: 2022-11-26
Author: timi (xisunyy@163.com)
'''
"""
import sys, os.path as osp
sys.path.append(osp.dirname(osp.dirname(osp.abspath(__file__))))

View File

@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
'''
"""
File: bubble_sort.py
Created Time: 2022-11-25
Author: timi (xisunyy@163.com)
'''
"""
import sys, os.path as osp
sys.path.append(osp.dirname(osp.dirname(osp.abspath(__file__))))

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@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
'''
"""
File: insertion_sort.py
Created Time: 2022-11-25
Author: timi (xisunyy@163.com)
'''
"""
import sys, os.path as osp
sys.path.append(osp.dirname(osp.dirname(osp.abspath(__file__))))

View File

@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
'''
"""
File: merge_sort.py
Created Time: 2022-11-25
Author: timi (xisunyy@163.com)
'''
"""
import sys, os.path as osp
sys.path.append(osp.dirname(osp.dirname(osp.abspath(__file__))))
@ -24,15 +24,15 @@ def merge(nums, left, mid, right):
i, j = left_start, right_start
# 通过覆盖原数组 nums 来合并左子数组和右子数组
for k in range(left, right + 1):
# 若 “左子数组已全部合并完”,则选取右子数组元素,并且 j++
# 若“左子数组已全部合并完”,则选取右子数组元素,并且 j++
if i > left_end:
nums[k] = tmp[j]
j += 1
# 否则,若 “右子数组已全部合并完” “左子数组元素 < 右子数组元素”,则选取左子数组元素,并且 i++
# 否则,若“右子数组已全部合并完”或“左子数组元素 <= 右子数组元素”,则选取左子数组元素,并且 i++
elif j > right_end or tmp[i] <= tmp[j]:
nums[k] = tmp[i]
i += 1
# 否则,若 “左子数组元素 > 右子数组元素”,则选取右子数组元素,并且 j++
# 否则,若“左右子数组都未全部合并完”且“左子数组元素 > 右子数组元素”,则选取右子数组元素,并且 j++
else:
nums[k] = tmp[j]
j += 1

View File

@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
'''
"""
File: quick_sort.py
Created Time: 2022-11-25
Author: timi (xisunyy@163.com)
'''
"""
import sys, os.path as osp
sys.path.append(osp.dirname(osp.dirname(osp.abspath(__file__))))

View File

@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
'''
"""
File: array_queue.py
Created Time: 2022-12-01
Author: Peng Chen (pengchzn@gmail.com)
'''
"""
import os.path as osp
import sys
@ -42,7 +42,6 @@ class ArrayQueue:
""" 出队 """
def poll(self):
# 删除头结点
num = self.peek()
# 队头指针向后移动一位,若越过尾部则返回到数组头部
self.__front = (self.__front + 1) % self.capacity()
@ -50,19 +49,11 @@ class ArrayQueue:
""" 访问队首元素 """
def peek(self):
# 删除头结点
if self.is_empty():
print("队列为空")
return False
return self.__nums[self.__front]
""" 访问指定位置元素 """
def get(self, index):
if index >= self.size():
print("索引越界")
return False
return self.__nums[(self.__front + index) % self.capacity()]
""" 返回列表用于打印 """
def to_list(self):
res = [0] * self.size()
@ -90,10 +81,6 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":
peek = queue.peek()
print("队首元素 peek =", peek)
""" 访问索引 index 处元素 """
num = queue.get(3)
print("队列索引 3 处的元素为 num =", num)
""" 元素出队 """
poll = queue.poll()
print("出队元素 poll =", poll)

View File

@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
'''
"""
File: array_stack.py
Created Time: 2022-11-29
Author: Peng Chen (pengchzn@gmail.com)
'''
"""
import sys, os.path as osp
sys.path.append(osp.dirname(osp.dirname(osp.abspath(__file__))))
@ -34,11 +34,6 @@ class ArrayStack:
def peek(self):
assert not self.is_empty(), "栈为空"
return self.__stack[-1]
""" 访问索引 index 处元素 """
def get(self, index):
assert index < self.size(), "索引越界"
return self.__stack[index]
""" 返回列表用于打印 """
def to_list(self):
@ -62,10 +57,6 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":
peek = stack.peek()
print("栈顶元素 peek =", peek)
""" 访问索引 index 处元素 """
num = stack.get(3)
print("栈索引 3 处的元素为 num =", num)
""" 元素出栈 """
pop = stack.pop()
print("出栈元素 pop =", pop)

View File

@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
'''
"""
File: deque.py
Created Time: 2022-11-29
Author: Peng Chen (pengchzn@gmail.com)
'''
"""
import os.path as osp
import sys

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