Part Heap : Code Translation into C++ (heap.cpp) (#285)

* 添加heap章节C++版本关于heap的相关操作

* 完善C++版本的heap相关操作

* 完善C++版本的heap相关操作

* fix printHeap function

codes/cpp/chapter_heap/heap.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+/**
+ * File: heap.cpp
+ * Created Time: 2023-01-19
+ * Author: LoneRanger(836253168@qq.com)
+ */
+
+#include "../include/include.hpp"
+
+void testPush(priority_queue<int> &heap, int val)
+{
+    heap.push(val); // 元素入堆
+    cout << "元素 " << val << " 入堆后" << endl;
+    PrintUtil::printHeap(heap);
+}
+void testPoll(priority_queue<int> &heap)
+{
+    int val = heap.top();
+    heap.pop();
+    cout << "堆顶元素 " << val << " 出堆后" << endl;
+    PrintUtil::printHeap(heap);
+}
+
+int main()
+{
+    /* 初始化堆 */
+    // 初始化小顶堆
+    // priority_queue<int, vector<int>, greater<int>> minHeap;
+    // 初始化大顶堆
+    priority_queue<int, vector<int>, less<int>> maxHeap;
+
+    cout << "以下测试样例为大顶堆" << endl;
+
+    /* 元素入堆 */
+    testPush(maxHeap, 1);
+    testPush(maxHeap, 3);
+    testPush(maxHeap, 2);
+    testPush(maxHeap, 5);
+    testPush(maxHeap, 4);
+
+    /* 获取堆顶元素 */
+    int peek = maxHeap.top();
+    cout << "堆顶元素为： " << peek << endl;
+
+    /* 堆顶元素出堆 */
+    testPoll(maxHeap);
+    testPoll(maxHeap);
+    testPoll(maxHeap);
+    testPoll(maxHeap);
+    testPoll(maxHeap);
+
+    /* 获取堆大小 */
+    int size = maxHeap.size();
+    cout << "堆元素数量为： " << size << endl;
+
+    /* 判断堆是否为空 */
+    bool isEmpty = maxHeap.empty();
+    cout << "堆是否为空： " << isEmpty << endl;
+
+    /* 输入列表并建堆 */
+    // 时间复杂度为 O(n) ，而非 O(nlogn)
+    vector<int> input{1, 3, 2, 5, 4};
+    priority_queue<int, vector<int>, greater<int>> minHeap(input.begin(), input.end());
+    cout << "输入列表并建立小顶堆后" << endl;
+    PrintUtil::printHeap(minHeap);
+    return 0;
+}

codes/cpp/include/PrintUtil.hpp

@@ -13,6 +13,27 @@
 #include "ListNode.hpp"
 #include "TreeNode.hpp"
 
+/**
+ * @brief Expose the underlying storage of the priority_queue container
+ * 
+ * @tparam T
+ * @tparam S
+ * @tparam C   
+ * @param pq 
+ * @return S 
+ */
+template <typename T, typename S, typename C>
+S &Container(priority_queue<T, S, C> &pq) {
+    struct HackedQueue : private priority_queue<T, S, C>
+    {
+        static S &Container(priority_queue<T, S, C> &pq)
+        {
+            return pq.*&HackedQueue::c;
+        }
+    };
+    return HackedQueue::Container(pq);
+}
+
 class PrintUtil {
     public:
         /**
@@ -293,4 +314,22 @@ class PrintUtil {
                 cout << kv.first << " -> " << kv.second << '\n';
             }
         }
+
+        /**
+         * @brief Print a Heap (PriorityQueue)
+         *
+         * @tparam T
+         * @tparam S
+         * @tparam C
+         * @param heap
+         */
+        template <typename T, typename S, typename C>
+        static void printHeap(priority_queue<T, S, C> &heap) {
+            vector<T> vec = Container(heap);
+            cout << "堆的数组表示：" << endl;
+            printVector(vec);
+            cout << "堆的树状表示：" << endl;
+            TreeNode *root = vecToTree(vec);
+            printTree(root);
+        }
 };

docs/chapter_heap/heap.md

@@ -85,7 +85,39 @@ comments: true
 === "C++"
 
     ```cpp title="heap.cpp"
+    /* 初始化堆 */
+    // 初始化小顶堆
+    priority_queue<int, vector<int>, greater<int>> minHeap;
+    // 初始化大顶堆
+    priority_queue<int, vector<int>, less<int>> maxHeap;
 
+    /* 元素入堆 */
+    maxHeap.push(1);
+    maxHeap.push(3);
+    maxHeap.push(2);
+    maxHeap.push(5);
+    maxHeap.push(4);
+
+    /* 获取堆顶元素 */
+    int peek = maxHeap.top(); // 5
+
+    /* 堆顶元素出堆 */
+    // 出堆元素会形成一个从大到小的序列
+    maxHeap.pop(); // 5
+    maxHeap.pop(); // 4
+    maxHeap.pop(); // 3
+    maxHeap.pop(); // 2
+    maxHeap.pop(); // 1
+
+    /* 获取堆大小 */
+    int size = maxHeap.size();
+
+    /* 判断堆是否为空 */
+    bool isEmpty = maxHeap.empty();
+
+    /* 输入列表并建堆 */
+    vector<int> input{1, 3, 2, 5, 4};
+    priority_queue<int, vector<int>, greater<int>> minHeap(input.begin(), input.end());
     ```
 
 === "Python"